Sionism Wikipedia
Posted By simmons on March 22, 2016
Sionism r en nationalistisk[1] rrelse med rtter i 1800-talet som strvar efter att stadkomma en judisk stat i Palestina. Namnet kommer av bergsfstet Sion utanfr Jerusalem som under diasporan fick symbolisera judarnas lngtan tillbaka till landet Israel. ven om sionismen r baserad p en religis tradition som kopplar judarna till Israel r det i huvudsak en politisk rrelse som blev ett svar p 1800-talets antisemitism och frtryck av judarna i Europa.
Sionismen vxte fram under slutet av 1800-talet. Under den perioden hade det uppsttt en ny form av antisemitism i Mellaneuropa som byggde p pseudovetenskapliga rasteorier dr judarna tillskrevs de smsta rasegenskaperna, i motsttning till arierna vilket kade frtrycket mot judarna. Samtidigt fanns det en djup rotad antisemitism i stra Europa som ledde till frtryck och pogromer mot judar i bland annat Polen och Ryssland. Situationen fr judarna i Ryssland frsmrades nnu mer efter mordet p tsar Alexander II 1881 som ledde till vldsamma pogromer. Samtidigt vxte den moderna europeiska nationalismen fram med krav p att olika folkgrupper skulle f sina egna stater.
Bde den kande antisemitismen och den vxande nationalismen utgjorde grogrunden fr sionismens framvxt som politisk rrelse. Grunden fr sionismen formulerade i Theodor Herzls bok Der Judenstaat (Judestaten, utgiven p tyska 1896). I boken argumenterar han fr att den vxande antisemitismen inte kan lsas i Europa utan att en judisk stat br skapas. I boken sista sida finns ett bermt citat som uttrycker en central tanke i sionismen och tidens nationalism Vrlden kommer att befrias genom vr befrielse. Innebrden r att varje fngslat folk tynger vrlden, att kampen mot frtryck r en kamp fr att bli fria (den tanken r genomgende i mnga sociala rrelser, Martin Luther Kings tal genomsyras stndigt av den tanken).
1897 sammankallade Theodor Herzls frsta sionistiska vrldskongressen ett nytt organ upprttades, The World Zionist Organization (WZO). I Baselprogrammet som antogs fastslogs att mlet fr sionismen vara att skapa "ett genom offentlig rtt garanterat hem i Palestina".
Under mellankrigstiden fortsatte arbetet med att skapa en judisk stat i Palestina. Under Herzls eftertrdare Chaim Weizmanns lyckades man 1917 utverka den s.k. Balfourdeklarationen dr Storbritannien stllde sig bakom sionismens intentioner. Under den brittiska mandatperioden i Palestina 1922-1948 utvecklades det judiska samfundet i Palestina i sionistisk anda och alltfler kibbutzer skapades (den frsta grundades 1910) och nya stder vxte, som exempelvis Tel-Aviv. Den tidigare judiska befolkningen vxte med vxande skaror av emigranter (ven om den brittiska mandatregimen speciellt under senare tiden och andra vrldskriget frskte begrnsa den judiska immigrationen till Palestina). Samtidigt vxte sionistiska organisationer i Europa som propagerade fr emigration till det blivande Israel.
1947 freslog FN en delning av Palestinamandatet i en judisk och en arabisk stat (av de omrden av det ursprungliga mandatet ster om Jordanfloden hade redan en arabisk stat, Jordanien, bildats). Ledningen fr den judiska befolkningen i Palestina accepterade delningsplanen medan ledningen fr den arabiska befolkningen, samt omgivande arablnder, inte gjorde det. Nr staten Israel utropades 1948 invaderade 5 arabiska armer frn omgivande lnder den nyfdda staten och tillsammans med inhemska arabiska styrkor skte man utplna den. Dock gick israelerna segrande ur kriget och de delar som var tilltnkta den arabiska staten kom att ervras dels av den nya staten Israel, dels av Jordanien (Vstbanken) och Egypten (Gazaremsan).
I och med utropandet av staten Israel den 14 maj 1948 hade sionismens huvudutopi frverkligats. Organisationen WZO finns dock kvar och organiserar 1,5 miljoner medlemmar spridda ver vrlden genom sin organisationsstruktur av landsfederationer. Organisationens ml r att frmja det judiska folkets enhet och tersamlande i sitt historiska hemland Eretz Yisrael samt stdja staten Israel.
Sionismen hade mycket mindre lockelse fr orientaliska n fr europeiska judar. De orientaliska judarna hade historiskt sett inte lidit samma grad av frfljelse och diskriminering som drabbat de europeiska judarna. Under tiden fre statens bildande kom endast ungefr 10% av de judiska invandrarna till Israel frn Afrika och Asien.
I Irak levde mnga judar. Under en tid fanns i Bagdad fler judiska n arabiska invnare.
I april 1950 detonerade i Bagdad en bomb, kastad frn en frbipasserande bil, p trottoaren precis utanfr Dar al-Beidas cafe p Abu Nuwasgatann dr unga judiska intellektuella var samlade. Ingen skadades men ddet skakade landets judar. De var vertygade om att irakiska extremister ville dda dem. Nsta dag blev det rusning till de kontor dr judar som ville uppge sitt irakiska medborgarskap mste instlla sig fr registrering. Deras rtt att emigrera hade officiellt erknts av regeringen en mnad tidigare. Totalt anmlde sig cirka 10 000 judar fr att ge sig av efter bombanslaget. Efter ett tag kom nnu en explosion, nu vid Amerikanska informationscentret, dit mnga unga judar brukade komma och studera. ven nu misstnktes att en extremistisk irakisk organisation hade placerat ut bomben, som dock av en slump inte skadade ngon. En tredje bomb i januari 1951 skrdade offer. Det var vid Masuda Shemtov-synagogan, som fungerade som samlingspunkt fr utvandrare. Efter detta bombdd anskte nnu fler judar om utvandring. Snart hade merparten av Iraks judar lmnat landet. Ngra dagar efter bomddet antog det irakiska parlamentet en lag som innebar konfiskation av alla de judars egendom som gav upp sitt medborgarskap.
Efter ett tag framkom (*framkom var?) att de tre explosionerna var ett verk inte av arabiska extremister utan av en hemlig judisk organisation som kallade sig "Rrelsen" och vars ledare kallades "Chef fr de judiska gettona i Irak".[kllabehvs] Sanningen avsljades av Yehudah Tajjar och ledde till fler gripanden. Under den fljande rttegngen anklagades de fr att vara medlemmar av en underjordisk sionistisk rrelse med ml att skrmma judarna att utvandra s fort som mjligt. Tv blev dmda till dden, resten till lnga fngelsestraff. Tajjar sjlv blev den som frst brt judarnas tystnad om bomberna. Efter en dom p livstids fngelse frigavs han efter tio r och begav sig till Israel. 1966 publicerade veckotidningen Hafolam Hazeh en redogrelse fr de irakiska judarnas emigration, baserad p Tajjars vittnesml och 1972 publicerade tidskriften, de orientaliska judarnas militanta sprkrr Black Panther hela historien. [2]
Sionismen har som andra rrelser diskuterats och kritiserats, inte bara frn antisemitiskt och nynazistiskt hll dr det har konstruerats konspirationsteorier kring sionismen (bland annat Sions vises protokoll). Sionismen har ocks kritiserats av flera judiska organisationer fr att vara kontraproduktiv i frhllande till Israels intressen och av enskilda judar som fresprkar samexistens mellan judar och palestinier. Sionismen har ocks kommit i skottlinjen i samband med diskussioner om Israels agerande, bland annat stmplas den som rasistisk i en FN-resolution[3] som 1975 drevs igenom av stblocket och lnder i tredje vrlden. (Resolutionen drogs tillbaka 1991 efter att Israel stllt detta som villkor fr att delta i Madrid Peace Conference och under starka ptryckningar frn USA.) FN:s rd fr mnskliga rttigheter har dessutom frdmt Israels agerande, inte minst ockupationen av palestinskt territorium, i fler resolutioner n fr alla andra lnder sammanlagt och ven FN:s generalfrsamling har i ett flertal resolutioner kritiserat Israel fr en aggressiv och expansiv politik i regionen [4] Det r dock viktigt att komma ihg att sionismen existerar i olika former och att vissa av dessa har ett strre inflytande p israelisk politik n andra. Strst inflytande har den nationalistiska revisionistiska sionismen haft, som bl a fresprkar utkade israeliska bosttningar och israelisk militr nrvaro i hela Palestina.
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Sionism Wikipedia
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