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Golan Heights Mount Hermon (background), in the northeastern Golan Heights
Coordinates:
The Golan Heights (Levant. The exact region defined as the Golan Heights is different in different disciplines:
The earliest evidence of human habitation dates to the Syrian Arab Republic.
Internationally recognized as
On 19 June 1967, the Israeli cabinet voted to return the Golan to Syria in exchange for a peace agreement. Such overtures were dismissed by the Arab world with the UN peace keeping forces.
Construction of Israeli settlements began in the remainder of the territory held by Israel, which was under military administration until Israel passed the
Israeli Prime Ministers
Arabic names are Jawln In the bible Golan is mentioned as a city of refuge located in
Arab cartographers of the
The Golan Heights borders Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. According to Israel, it has captured 1,150 square kilometres (440sqmi).
The area is hilly and elevated, overlooking the The plateau that Israel controls is part of a larger area of volcanic
The plateau's north-south length is approximately 65 kilometres (40mi) and its east-west width varies from 12 kilometres (7.5mi) to 25 kilometres (16mi).
The broader Golan plateau exhibits a more subdued topography, generally ranging between 120 metres (390ft) and 520 metres (1,710ft) in elevation. In Israel, the Golan plateau is divided into three regions: northern (between the Sa'ar and Jilabun valleys), central (between the Jilabun and Daliyot valleys), and southern (between the Dlayot and Yarmouk valleys). The Golan Heights is bordered on the west by a rock escarpment that drops 500 metres (1,600ft) to the
marls, exposed along the Yarmouk River in the south.
The rock forming the mountainous area in the northern Golan Heights, descending from faults and solution channels to form a karst-like topography in which springs are common.
In addition to its strategic military importance, the Golan Heights is an important
The
In the
According to the Ahab of Israel (reigned 874852 BC) defeated Ben-Hadad I in the southern Golan.
In the 8th century BC the Babylonian Captivity.
The Golan Heights, along with the rest of the region, came under the control of Greek: Gaulanitis).
In the middle of the 2nd century BCE,
The Gamla in 81 BC as the Hasmonean capital for the region.
During the
Following the death of Claudius traded the Golan to Agrippa II, the son of Agrippa I, in 51 as part of a land swap. Although nominally under Agrippa's control and not part of the province of slavery. Agrippa II contributed soldiers to the Roman war effort and attempted to negotiate an end to the revolt. In return for his loyalty, Rome allowed him to retain his kingdom, but finally absorbed the Golan for good after his death in 100.
In about 250, the Battle of Yarmouk in 636.
After Yarmouk,
In the 16th century, the
In 1884 there were still open stretches of uncultivated land between villages in the lower Golan, but by the mid-1890s most was owned and cultivated.
Between 1891 and 1894, Baron
The Agudat Ahim society, whose headquarters were in Yekatrinoslav, Russia, acquired 100,000 dunams of land in several locations in the districts of
Great Britain accepted a Quneitra Governorate.
After the 194849
Attempts by Israel and Syria to divert water from the Jordan River and its tributaries in the 1950s and 1960s sparked "
In the period between the first Arab-Israeli War and the Six Day War, the Syrians constantly harassed Israeli border communities by firing artillery shells from their dominant positions on the Golan Heights.
Former Israeli General Mattityahu Peled said that more than half of the border clashes before the 1967 war "were a result of our security policy of maximum settlement in the demilitarised area." Sir
In 1976, Israeli defense minister
After the Six-Day War broke out in June 1967, Syria's shelling greatly intensified and the
During the war, between 80,000
In the 1970s, Israeli politician
During the Mines deployed by the Syrian army remain active. As of 2003, there had been at least 216 landmine casualties in the Syrian-controlled Golan since 1973, of which 108 were fatalities.
The Golan Heights was under Israeli military administration from 1967 to 1981. In 1981, Israel passed the
During the negotiations regarding the text of United Nations Security Council resolution 242, U.S. Secretary of State Rusk explained that U.S. support for secure permanent frontiers did not mean the US supported territorial changes.
Syria continued to demand a full Israeli withdrawal to the 1967 borders, including a strip of land on the east shore of the Hafez al-Assad rejected normalization with Israel.
During United Statesbrokered negotiations in 19992000, Israel and Syria discussed a peace deal that would include Israeli withdrawal in return for a comprehensive peace structure, recognition and full normalization of relations. The disagreement in the final stages of the talks was on access to the Sea of Galilee. Israel offered to withdraw to the pre-1948 border (the 1923 Paulet-Newcombe line), while Syria insisted on the 1967 frontier. The former line has never been recognised by Syria, claiming it was imposed by the colonial powers, while the latter was rejected by Israel as the result of Syrian aggression. The difference between the lines is less than 100m for the most part, but the 1967 line would give Syria access to the Sea of Galilee, and Israel wished to retain control of the Sea of Galilee, its only freshwater lake and a major water resource.
In June 2007, it was reported that
In April 2008, Syrian media reported Israeli leaders of communities in the Golan Heights held a special meeting and stated: "all construction and development projects in the Golan are going ahead as planned, propelled by the certainty that any attempt to harm Israeli sovereignty in the Golan will cause severe damage to state security and thus is doomed to fail".
In May 2009, Prime Minister Netanyahu said that returning the Golan Heights would turn it into "
In March 2009, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad claimed that indirect talks had failed after Israel did not commit to full withdrawal from the Golan Heights. In August 2009, he said that the return of the entire Golan Heights was "non-negotiable," it would remain "fully Arab," and would be returned to Syria.
In June 2009, Israeli President
In 2010, Israeli foreign minister
Claims on the territory include the fact that an area in northwestern of the Golan region, delineated by a rough triangle formed by the towns of although Syria has never recognised the 1923 border as legally binding.
One of the aspects of the dispute involves the existence prior to 1967 of three different lines separating Syria from Israel (or, prior to 1948, from the British Mandate for Palestine).
The 1923 boundary between Mandate Palestine and the
During the Arab-Israeli War, Syria captured various areas of the former Palestine mandate, including the 10-meter strip of beach, the east bank of the upper Jordan, as well as areas along the Yarmouk.
While negotiating the
Following the armistice, both Israel and Syria sought to take advantage of the territorial ambiguities left in place by the 1949 agreement. This resulted in an evolving tactical situation, one "snapshot" of which was the disposition of forces immediately prior to the
On June 7, 2000, the
In 1975, U.S. President
In 1991, U.S. Secretary of State
The United States considers the Golan Heights to be Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation subject to negotiation and Israeli withdrawal. The United States considers the application of Israeli law to the Golan Heights to be a violation of international law, both the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the acquisition of territory by force and United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.
Mount Qasioun. Since 1967, Druze brides have been allowed to cross into Syria, although they do so in the knowledge that they may not be able to return.
Though the cease fire in the UNDOF zone has been largely uninterrupted since the seventies, in 2012 there have been repeated violations from the Syrian side, including tanks
Main article: Syrian towns and villages depopulated in the Arab-Israeli conflict
The population of the Golan Heights prior to the 1967 Six-Day War has been estimated between 130,000 and 145,000, including 17,000 Palestinian refugees registered with UNRWA.
Israel demolished over one hundred Syrian villages and farms in the Golan Heights.
East of the 1973 ceasefire line, in the Syrian controlled part of the Golan Heights, an area of 600 square kilometres (232sqmi), are more than 40 Syrian towns and villages, including
In the late 1970s, the Israeli government offered all non-Israelis living in the Golan citizenship, but until the early 21st century fewer than 10% of the Druze were Israeli citizens; the remainder held Syrian citizenship.
In 2012, there were 20,000 Druze with Syrian citizenship living in the Israeli-occupied portion Golan Heights.
The Druze living in the Golan Heights are permanent residents of Israel. They hold
Since 1988, Druze clerics have been permitted to make annual religious pilgrimages to Syria.
Since 2012, the number of applications for Israeli citizenship is growing, although Syrian loyalty remains strong and those who apply for citizenship are often ostracized by members of the older generation.
Israeli settlement activity began in the 1970s. The area was governed by military administration until 1981 when Israel passed the
The Israeli-occupied territory is administered by the Golan Regional Council, based in
The Golan Heights features numerous archeological sites, mountains, streams and waterfalls. Throughout the region 62 ancient
Kursi is the ruins of a Byzantine Christian monastery.
Katzrin is the administrative and commercial center of the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
Mey Eden, which derives its water from the spring of Salukiya in the Golan. One can tour these factories as well as factories of oil products and fruit products.
Two open air strip malls, one which holds the Kesem ha-Golan (Golan Magic), a three-dimensional movie and model of the geography and history of the Golan Heights.
A 3D model of the site exists in the Museum of Golan Antiquities in Katzrin.
Now a nature reserve, the Mamluks.
A crater lake is nearby.
synagogue was built in the 5th century CE.
Jewish Aramaic as Susita. The archaeological site includes excavations of the city's forum, the small imperial cult temple, a large Hellenistic temple compound, the Roman city gates, and two Byzantine churches.
On a visit to Israel and the Golan Heights in 1972, Cornelius Ough, a professor of
In the early 1990s, the Israel National Oil Company (INOC) was granted
parties in parentheses
1. Divided among multiple claimants
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