Hasidic philosophy – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Posted By richards on September 10, 2015
Ashkenazi Hebrew – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Posted By richards on September 10, 2015
There are considerable differences between the Lithuanian, Polish (also known as Galician), Hungarian, and German pronunciations. These are most obvious in the treatment of lam: the German pronunciation is [au], the Galician/Polish pronunciation is [oi], the Hungarian is [i], and the Lithuanian pronunciation is [ei]. Other variants exist: for example in the United Kingdom, the original tradition was to use the German pronunciation, but over the years the sound of olam has tended to merge with the local pronunciation of long "o" as in "toe", and some communities have abandoned Ashkenazi Hebrew altogether in favour of the Israeli-Sephardi pronunciation. (Haredi communities in England usually use the Galician/Polish [oi]).
Another feature that distinguishes the Lithuanian pronunciation, traditionally used in an area encompassing modern day's Baltic States, Belarus and parts of Ukraine and Russia, is its merger of sin and shin, both of which are pronounced as [s]. This is similar to the pronunciation of the Ephraimites recorded in Judges 12, which is the source of the term Shibboleth.
There have been several theories on the origins of the different Hebrew reading traditions. The basic cleavage is between those who believe that the differences arose in medieval Europe and those who believe that they reflect older differences between the pronunciations of Hebrew and Aramaic current in different parts of the Fertile Crescent, that is to say Judaea, Galilee, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Babylonia proper.
Within the first group of theories, Zimmels believed that the Ashkenazi pronunciation arose in late medieval Europe and that the pronunciation prevailing in France and Germany in the time of the Tosafists was similar to the Sephardic. His evidence for this was the fact that Asher ben Jehiel, a German who became chief rabbi of Toledo, never refers to any difference of pronunciation, though he is normally very sensitive to differences between the two communities.[citation needed]
The difficulty with the second group of theories is that we do not know for certain what the pronunciations of these countries actually were and how far they differed. Since the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, if not before, the Sephardic pronunciation of the vowels became standard in all these countries, ironing out any differences that previously existed.[2] This makes it harder to adjudicate between the different theories on the relationship between today's pronunciation systems and those of ancient times.
Leopold Zunz believed that the Ashkenazi pronunciation was derived from that of Palestine in Geonic times (7th11th centuries CE), while the Sephardi pronunciation was derived from that of Babylonia. This theory was supported by the fact that, in some respects, Ashkenazi Hebrew resembles the western dialect of Syriac while Sephardi Hebrew resembles the eastern, e.g. Eastern Syriac Peshitta as against Western Syriac Peshito. Ashkenazi Hebrew in its written form also resembles Palestinian Hebrew in its tendency to male spellings (see Mater lectionis).
Others, including Abraham Zevi Idelsohn, believed that the distinction is more ancient, and represents the distinction between the Judaean and Galilean dialects of Hebrew in Mishnaic times (1st2nd centuries CE), with the Sephardi pronunciation being derived from Judaean and the Ashkenazi from Galilean. This theory is supported by the fact that Ashkenazi Hebrew, like Samaritan Hebrew, has lost the distinct sounds of many of the guttural letters, while there are references in the Talmud to this as a feature of Galilean speech. Idelsohn ascribes the Ashkenazi (and, on his theory, Galilean) pronunciation of kamatz gadol as [o] to the influence of Phoenician: see Canaanite shift.
In the time of the Masoretes (8th10th centuries CE) there were three distinct notations for denoting vowels and other details of pronunciation in Biblical and liturgical texts. One was the Babylonian; another was the Palestinian; the third was the Tiberian, which eventually superseded the other two and is still in use today.
In certain respects the Ashkenazi pronunciation provides a better fit to the Tiberian notation than do the other reading traditions: for example, it distinguishes between pata and qama gadol, and between segol and ere, and does not make the qama symbol do duty for two different sounds. A distinctive variant of the Tiberian notation was in fact used by Ashkenazim, before being superseded by the standard version. On the other hand it is unlikely that in the Tiberian system ere and olam were diphthongs as they are in Ashkenazi Hebrew: they are more likely to have been closed vowels. (On the other hand, these vowels sometimes correspond to diphthongs in Arabic.) For more details of the reconstructed pronunciation underlying the Tiberian notation, see Tiberian vocalization.
In other respects Ashkenazi Hebrew resembles Yemenite Hebrew, which appears to be related to the Babylonian notation. Shared features include the pronunciation of qama gadol as [o] and, in the case of Lithuanian Jews and some but not all Yemenites, of olam as [e]. These features are not found in the Hebrew pronunciation of today's Iraqi Jews, which as explained has been overlaid by Sephardi Hebrew, but are found in some of the Judeo-Aramaic languages of northern Iraq and in the Syriac language.
Another possibility is that these features were found within an isogloss that included Syria, northern Palestine and northern Mesopotamia but not Judaea or Babylonia proper, and did not coincide exactly with the use of any one notation (and the olam = [e] shift may have applied to a more restricted area than the qama gadol = [o] shift). The Yemenite pronunciation would, on this hypothesis, be derived from that of northern Mesopotamia and the Ashkenazi pronunciation from that of northern Palestine. The Sephardic pronunciation appears to be derived from that of Judaea, as evidenced by its fit to the Palestinian notation.
According to the Maharal of Prague[3] and many other scholars,[4] including Rabbi Yaakov Emden, one of the leading Hebrew grammarians of all time,[5] Ashkenazi Hebrew is the most accurate pronunciation of Hebrew preserved. The reason given is that it preserves distinctions, such as between pata and qama, which are not reflected in the Sephardic and other dialects. Only in the Ashkenazi pronunciation are all seven "nequdot" (the Hebrew vowels of the ancient Tiberian tradition) distinguished: Yemenite, which comes close, does not distinguish pata from segol.
On the other hand, this view does not appear to be supported by any non-Ashkenazi scholars. Some scholars argue in favour of the greater authenticity of the Yemenite pronunciation on the ground that it is the only Hebrew pronunciation to distinguish all the consonants.
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Ashkenazi Hebrew - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Holocaust Denial | Southern Poverty Law Center
Posted By simmons on September 9, 2015
Deniers of the Holocaust, the systematic murder of around 6 million Jews in World War II, either deny that such a genocide took place or minimize its extent. These groups (and individuals) often cloak themselves in the sober language of serious scholarship, call themselves historical revisionists instead of deniers, and accuse their critics of trying to squelch open-minded inquiries into historical truth.
The deniers claims run a gamut. Some say that most Jews were the victims of disease and other privations, or died in much the same way that other casualties of a huge and horrific war did. Some say that the gas chambers did not exist, or were only used to delouse prisoners, or could not possibly have killed as many victims as mainstream historians have asserted, and many suggest that the gas chambers were built after the war as a way extracting reparations from the Germans. The main purpose of Holocaust denial has been to rehabilitate the German Nazis image as part of a bid to make the ideology of national socialism more acceptable.
David Irving, a British writer who is the worlds best-known denier, sued an American scholar for calling him a denier but suffered a devastating defeat in 2000, when a British judge concluded that Irving had selectively edited the facts in his books as part of his pro-Nazi, pro-Hitler and anti-Jewish ideology.
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Holocaust Denial | Southern Poverty Law Center
Gaza Strip Economy 2015, CIA World Factbook
Posted By simmons on September 9, 2015
Economy - overview: Israeli security controls imposed since the end of the second intifada have degraded economic conditions in the Gaza Strip, the smaller of the two areas comprising the Palestinian territories. Israeli-imposed border closures, which became more restrictive after HAMAS seized control of the territory in June 2007, have resulted in high unemployment, elevated poverty rates, and a sharp contraction of the private sector that had relied primarily on export markets. Gazans increasingly turned to tunnels that ran under the Egyptian border to bring in fuel, construction materials, and consumer goods. In July 2013, Egyptian authorities began a serious crackdown on the tunnels, causing shortages in Gaza. The population depends on government spending - by both the Palestinian Authority and HAMAS's de facto government - and humanitarian assistance. Changes to Israeli restrictions on imports in 2010 resulted in a rebound in some economic activity, but regular exports from Gaza still are not permitted. Standard-of-living measures remain below levels seen in the mid-1990s.
GDP (purchasing power parity): see entry for West Bank [see also: GDP country ranks ]
GDP - real growth rate: see entry for West Bank [see also: GDP - real growth rate country ranks ]
GDP - per capita: see entry for West Bank [see also: GDP - per capita country ranks ]
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 99.5% government consumption: 29.5% investment in fixed capital: 18% investment in inventories: 0% exports of goods and services: 14.9% imports of goods and services: -62%
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Gaza Strip Economy 2015, CIA World Factbook
history of Palestine | Britannica.com
Posted By simmons on September 9, 2015
History
The Yarmk was the site of the Battle of the Yarmk River, one of the decisive battles in the history of Palestine. The Arabs, who under Khlid ibn al-Wald had conquered Damascus in ad 635, were forced to leave the city when they were threatened by a large Byzantine army under Theodorus Trithurius. Khlid concentrated his forces south of the Yarmk River,...
...treaties in the ancient world comes from Hittite sources, which were contemporary with the events that preceded and led up to the formation of the ancient Israelite federation of tribes in Palestine. The treaty form in written texts was highly developed and flexible but usually exhibited the following structure: preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, provisions for deposit and...
A successful surprise attack on the Egyptian relief army ensured the Crusaders occupation of Palestine. Having fulfilled their vows of pilgrimage, most of the Crusaders departed for home, leaving the problem of governing the conquered territories to the few who remained. Initially, there was disagreement concerning the nature of the government to be established, and some held that the holy...
...vacant bishoprics and abbacies from Clement III (118791). Yet Frederick did not live to consolidate this effort. The defeat of the Crusader army at an in the Holy Land in July 1187 and the subsequent fall of Jerusalem sent a great shock through the West and inspired the Third Crusade. Frederick took the cross; the kings of England and France followed...
...from Asia is known in the late 12th dynasty and became more widespread in the 13th. From the late 18th century bc the northeastern Nile River delta was settled by successive waves of peoples from Palestine, who retained their own material culture. Starting with the Instruction for Merikare, Egyptian texts warn against the dangers of infiltration of this sort, and its occurrence...
...frequent and violent. The pressure prevented any Egyptian government from settling its two main external problems: the need to revise the treaty with Britain, and the wish to back the Arabs in Palestine. Negotiations with Britain, undertaken by al-Nuqrsh and (after February 1946) by his successor, idq, broke down over the British refusal to rule out eventual...
After rule by the Ottoman Empire ended there in World War I (191418), the Gaza area became part of the League of Nations mandate of Palestine under British rule. Before this mandate ended, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in November 1947 accepted a plan for the Arab-Jewish partition of Palestine under which the town of Gaza and an area of surrounding territory were to be...
militant Palestinian Islamic movement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip that is dedicated to the destruction of Israel and the creation of an Islamic state in Palestine. Founded in 1987, ams opposed the 1993 peace accords between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
...198690. One conflict, however, always remained volatileand perhaps even more so for the retreat of the superpowers and their stabilizing influence: the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. Throughout his years as U.S. secretary of state, George Schultz had tried to promote the peace process in the Middle East by brokering direct negotiations between Israel and the...
The Jewish population is diverse. Jews from eastern and western Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia, North America, and Latin America have been immigrating to this area since the late 19th century. Differing in ethnic origin and culture, they brought with them languages and customs from a variety of countries. The Jewish community today includes survivors of the Holocaust,...
The Zionist movement of the late 19th century had led by 1917 to the Balfour Declaration, by which Britain promised an eventual homeland for Jews in Palestine. When that former Ottoman province became a British mandate under the League of Nations in 1922, it contained about 700,000 people, of whom only 58,000 were Jews. By the end of the 1920s, however, the Jewish community had tripled, and,...
...in rallying pan-Arab unity around resistance to Israels plans to divert the waters of the Jordan. Also with both eyes on Israel, the conference restored an Arab High Command and elevated the Palestinian refugees (scattered among several Arab states since 1948) to a status approaching sovereignty, with their own army and headquarters in the Gaza Strip. Syria likewise sponsored a terrorist...
(Hebrew: Defense), Zionist military organization representing the majority of the Jews in Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Organized to combat the revolts of Palestinian Arabs against the Jewish settlement of Palestine, it early came under the influence of the Histadrut (General Federation of Labour). Although it was outlawed by the British Mandatory authorities and was...
Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine, founded in 1931. At first supported by many nonsocialist Zionist parties, in opposition to the Haganah, it became in 1936 an instrument of the Revisionist Party, an extreme nationalist group that had seceded from the World Zionist Organization and whose policies called for the use of force, if necessary, to establish a Jewish state on both...
...and nationalist parties. The decision caused deep divisions within the party; many members objected that alliance would undermine Labours position of support for peace negotiations with the Palestinians. In January 2011 Barak and four Labour members of the Knesset split away from Labour, forming a new party that remained in the ruling coalition. The remaining Labour members of the...
...government of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin) and the Palestine Liberation Organization; although Likud supported a peace with guarantees of security, it opposed ceding major portions of land to Palestinian control and dismantling Israeli settlements in the territories that Israel had conquered in 1967. However, in subsequent years the party grew increasingly divided over its policies...
In modern times, Lod was part of the territory allocated to the potential Arab state in Palestine according to the United Nations partition resolution of Nov. 29, 1947. When the resolution was rejected by the Arab states, Lod was occupied by the invading Arab Legion of Jordan. The Israel Defense Forces attacked and captured the city on July 12, 1948; since then it has been part of Israel and...
Thanks to Bushs leadership, the conference that opened in Madrid on October 30, 1991, spawned three diplomatic tracks: IsraeliPalestinian discussions on an interim settlement; bilateral talks between Israel, on the one hand, and Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon, on the other; and multilateral conferences designed to support the first two tracks. Syrias President Assad signalled a new...
...and education. It also has opposed efforts to further secularize Israel, particularly proposals to introduce civil marriage. Shas has equivocated on the peace accords signed between Israel and the Palestinians in the 1990s; with the exception of East Jerusalem, Shas has steadfastly opposed the building of Israeli settlements in areas conquered by Israel in 1967, and, though it supports...
Zionist extremist organization in Palestine, founded in 1940 by Avraham Stern (190742) after a split in the right-wing underground movement Irgun Zvai Leumi.
Palestine in Jesus day was part of the Roman Empire, which controlled its various territories in a number of ways. In the East (eastern Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt), territories were governed either by kings who were friends and allies of Rome (often called client kings or, more disparagingly, puppet kings) or by governors supported by a...
...by the famous Sword of Islam, Khlid ibn al-Walddestroyed a Byzantine army at the Battle of the Yarmk River and brought the greater part of Syria and Palestine under Muslim rule.
...accord in 1993 but nonetheless stated his willingness to support the Palestinian people. He was concerned over issues relating to Jordans economic links with the West Bank and the future status of Palestinians in Jordan. About a year later, Jordan and Israel signed a peace treaty in which ussein was recognized as the custodian of the Muslim holy sites in East Jerusalem.
...tried to push forward into Egypt but was forced to pull back after a bloody, undecided battle and to regroup his army in Babylonia. After smaller incursions against the Arabs of Syria, he attacked Palestine at the end of 598. King Jehoiakim of Judah had rebelled, counting on help from Egypt. According to the chronicle, Jerusalem was taken on March 16, 597. Jehoiakim had died during the siege,...
...surface to ensure some kind of crop under normal conditions. It is therefore not surprising that there is evidence of simple agriculture as far back as the 8th or 9th millennium bc, especially in Palestine, where more excavating has been done in early sites than in any other country of the Middle East. Many bone sickle handles and flint sickle edges dating from between c. 9000 and 7000...
...sphere of influence in Mesopotamia extended as far north as Baghdad, and Britain was given control of Haifa and Akko and of territory linking the Mesopotamian and Haifa-Akko spheres. Palestine was to be placed under an international regime. In compensation, the Russian gains were extended (AprilMay 1916) to include the Ottoman provinces of Trabzon, Erzurum, Van, and Bitlis...
umbrella political organization claiming to represent the worlds Palestiniansthose Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various Palestinian groups that previously had operated as clandestine resistance movements. It came into prominence only after the...
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), organized in 1964 to represent some 2,000,000 refugees from the Palestine mandate who were scattered around the Arab world and from 1968 led by Ysir Araft, was also divided between old families of notables, whose authority dated back to Ottoman times, and young middle-class or fedayeen factions anxious to exert pressure on Israel...
Discontent in Palestine intensified after 1920, when the Conference of San Remo awarded the British government a mandate to control Palestine. With its formal approval by the League of Nations in 1922, this mandate incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which provided for both the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine and the preservation of the civil and religious (but...
one of a people of Aegean origin who settled on the southern coast of Palestine in the 12th century bc, about the time of the arrival of the Israelites. According to biblical tradition (Deuteronomy 2:23; Jeremiah 47:4), the Philistines came from Caphtor (possibly Crete). They are mentioned in Egyptian records as prst, one of the Sea Peoples that invaded Egypt in about 1190 bc after...
...He was the only Arab ruler prepared to accept the United Nations partitioning of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states (1947). In the war with Israel in May 1948, his armies occupied the region of Palestine due west of the Jordan River, which came to be called the West Bank, and captured east Jerusalem, including much of the Old City. Two years later he annexed the West Bank territory into the...
...to rally Jewish opinion, especially in the United States, to the Allied side during World War I. The declaration, pledging British aid for Zionist efforts to establish a home for world Jewry in Palestine, gave great impetus to the establishment of the State of Israel.
(Nov. 2, 1917), statement of British support for the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. It was made in a letter from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (of Tring), a leader of British Jewry. Though the precise meaning of the correspondence has been disputed, its statements were...
...after the general election of 1981. Despite his willingness to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt under the terms of the peace agreement, he remained resolutely opposed to the establishment of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. In June 1982 his government mounted an invasion of Lebanon in an effort to oust the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from its bases there....
...to their original homeland of Israel. Zionism fascinated the young David Gruen, and he became convinced that the first step for the Jews who wanted to revive Israel as a nation was to immigrate to Palestine and settle there as farmers. In 1906 the 20-year-old Gruen arrived in Palestine and for several years worked as a farmer in the Jewish agricultural settlements in the coastal plain and in...
Appointed mediator in Palestine by the UN Security Council on May 20, 1948, Bernadotte obtained the grudging acceptance by the Arab states and Israel of a UN cease-fire order, effective June 11. He soon made enemies by his proposal that Arab refugees be allowed to return to their homes in what had become the State of Israel. After a number of threats against his life, he and Andr-Pierre...
in the Old Testament, one of the spies sent by Moses from Kadesh in southern Palestine to spy out the land of Canaan. Only Caleb and Joshua advised the Hebrews to proceed immediately to take the land; for his faith Caleb was rewarded with the promise that he and his descendants should possess it (Numbers 1314). Subsequently Caleb settled in Hebron (Kiriatharba) after driving out the...
...he substituted a reliance on the air force and the establishment of rulers congenial to British interests; for this settlement of Arab affairs he relied heavily on the advice of T.E. Lawrence. For Palestine, where he inherited conflicting pledges to Jews and Arabs, he produced in 1922 the White Paper that confirmed Palestine as a Jewish national home while recognizing continuing Arab rights....
...as a British army major, he served as an aide to the British minister of state in Cairo. In 1946 he worked with the Jewish Agency as a political information officer to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. He also served as the liaison officer with the United Nations (UN) Special Committee on Palestine in 1947 and as a member of the delegation to the General Assembly that played a critical...
grand mufti of Jerusalem and Arab nationalist figure who played a major role in Arab resistance to Zionist political ambitions in Palestine and became a strong voice in the Arab nationalist and anti-Zionist movements.
Jewish mystic, fervent Zionist, and first chief rabbi of Palestine under the League of Nations mandate to Great Britain to administer Palestine.
...his victory over the English, Louis IX fell seriously ill with a form of malaria at Pontoise-ls-Noyon. It was then, in December 1244, that he decided to take up the cross and go to free the Holy Land, despite the lack of enthusiasm among his barons and his entourage. The situation in the Holy Land was critical. Jerusalem had fallen into Muslim hands on August 23, 1244, and the armies of...
...attended the Milwaukee Normal School (now University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) and later became a leader in the Milwaukee Labor Zionist Party. In 1921 she and her husband, Morris Myerson, emigrated to Palestine and joined the Meravya kibbutz. She became the kibbutzs representative to the Histadrut (General Federation of Labour), the secretary of that organizations Womens Labour...
...Mizrai wielded a disproportionate influence in Zionism, because of both its religiohistorical weight and its hold on the masses of Orthodox Jews in eastern Europe. In post-World War I Palestine, it played an active role in the Jewish community, establishing religious schools and firmly backing the sole authority of the chief rabbinate over matters of personal status among Jews,...
On expeditions in Syria and Palestine from June to December of 604, Nebuchadrezzar received the submission of local states, including Judah, and captured the city of Ashkelon. With Greek mercenaries in his armies, further campaigns to extend Babylonian control in Palestine followed in the three succeeding years. On the last occasion (601/600), Nebuchadrezzar clashed with an Egyptian army, with...
...the region, who were unable to present a unified military front against the invaders. Nr al-Dn waged military campaigns against the Crusaders in an attempt to expel them from Syria and Palestine. His forces recaptured Edessa shortly after his accession, invaded the important military district of Antakiya in 1149, and took Damascus in 1154. Egypt was annexed by stages in...
British author, traveller, and mystic, a controversial figure whose quest to establish a Jewish state in Palestinefulfilling prophecy and bringing on the end of the worldwon wide support among both Jewish and Christian officials but was thought by some to be motivated either by commercial interests or by a desire to strengthen Britains position in the Near East.
...this fundamental question, Paul VI undertook a series of apostolic journeys that were unparalleled occasions for a pope to set foot on every continent. His first journey was a pilgrimage to the Holy Land (January 1964), highlighted by his historic meeting with the Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, Athenagoras, in Jerusalem. At the end of that same year, he went to India, the first...
Richard, who succeeded Henry as king of England, had already undertaken to go on Crusade against Saladin in the Holy Land (the Third Crusade), and Philip now did likewise. Before his departure, he made the so-called Testament of 1190 to provide for the government of his kingdom in his absence. On his way to Palestine, he met Richard in Sicily, where they promptly found themselves at variance,...
When Pompey (10648 bce) invaded Palestine in 63 bce, Antipater supported his campaign and began a long association with Rome, from which both he and Herod were to benefit. Six years later Herod met Mark Antony, whose lifelong friend he was to remain. Julius Caesar also favoured the family; he appointed Antipater procurator of Judaea in 47 bce and conferred on him Roman citizenship,...
...and philosopher, one of the first Jewish members of the British cabinet (as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 190910). He was perhaps most important as first British high commissioner for Palestine (192025), carrying out that delicate assignment with varying but considerable success.
Palestine was destined to be an important centre because of its strategic location for trade by land and sea. It alone connects Asia and Africa by land, and, along with Egypt, it is the only area with ports on the Atlantic-Mediterranean and Red SeaIndian Ocean waterways. Solomon is said to have fulfilled the commercial destiny of Palestine and brought it to its greatest heights. The...
...the early years of the war he took an important part in the negotiations that led up to the governments Balfour Declaration (November 1917) favouring the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.
...War I between Great Britain and France, with the assent of imperial Russia, for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. Negotiations were begun in November 1915, and the final agreement took its name from its negotiators, Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and...
...from India required, at almost the same time, the termination of the mandate in Trans-Jordan, the evacuation of all of Egypt except the Suez Canal territory, and in 1948 the withdrawal from Palestine, which coincided with the proclamation of the State of Israel. It has been argued that the orderly and dignified ending of the British Empire, beginning in the 1940s and stretching into the...
resolution passed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1947 that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with the city of Jerusalem as a corpus separatum (Latin: separate entity) to be governed by a special international regime. The resolutionwhich was considered by the Jewish community in Palestine...
The approximately 2,270-square-mile (5,900-square-km) area is the centre of contending Arab and Israeli aspirations in Palestine. Within its present boundaries, it represents the portion of the former mandate retained in 1948 by the Arab forces that entered Palestine after the departure of the British. The borders and status of the area were established by the Jordanian-Israeli armistice of...
...colonial spheres of influence. In their dealings with the Arabs the British spoke of independence for the region. Then, on Nov. 2, 1917, the Balfour Declaration promised the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, albeit without prejudice to the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities. Foreign Secretary Arthur...
Having assumed command in Egypt (see above The Egyptian frontiers, 1915July 1917), Allenby transferred his headquarters from Cairo to the Palestinian front and devoted the summer of 1917 to preparing a serious offensive against the Turks. On the Turkish side, Falkenhayn, now in command at Aleppo, was at this time himself planning a drive into the Sinai Peninsula for the autumn, but the...
...exercising their right under the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 to move troops across Iraqi territory, landed troops at Basra on April 19 and rejected Iraqi demands that these troops be sent on into Palestine before any further landings. Iraqi troops were then concentrated around the British air base at abbnyah, west of Baghdad; and on May 2 the British commander there...
...a necessity both for the Jews and for the rest of humanity. Among the Jews of Russia and eastern Europe, a number of groups were engaged in trying to settle emigrants in agricultural colonies in Palestine. After the Russian pogroms of 1881, Leo Pinsker had written a pamphlet, Auto-Emanzipation, an appeal to western European Jews to assist in the establishment of colonies in...
Jewish nationalist movement that has had as its goal the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew: Eretz Yisrael, the Land of Israel). Though Zionism originated in eastern and central Europe in the latter part of the 19th century, it is in many ways a continuation of the ancient attachment of the Jews and of the...
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history of Palestine | Britannica.com
Beth Israel Synagogue | A Conservative Jewish Congregation …
Posted By simmons on September 9, 2015
920 Franklin Road Roanoke, VA 24016 Phone: (540) 343-0289 | Fax: (540) 344-2846 (click here for contact form and map of directions)
Welcome to Beth Israel Synagogue, which serves approximately 160 families in Roanoke, VA. Beth Israel is dedicated to serving and nurturing the spiritual, educational, cultural and social needs of its members in an egalitarian environment framed by Conservative Judaism. Although we are committed to conserving and upholding Jewish traditions, we also believe in growth and change over the generations as tradition interacts with modern life. In this spirit, women have been full participants in our services for more than 25 years.
It is our goal to provide inspiring religious services in which every member may pray and transform their lives through spiritual growth, observance and mitzvoth. We are dedicated to supporting and fostering a community engaged in Jewish knowledge, learning and living. We celebrate life cycle events to create a warm, embracing and caring home for our extended congregational family, and perpetuate a positive Jewish identification for all our members.
We strive to extend the principle of tikun olam to the Roanoke community, Eretz Israel and the world at large.
We have a vibrant and active membership of all ages who find meaning and commitment to Conservative Judaism at Beth Israel Synagogue. Our doors and hearts are always open to our members and to visitors.
We believe that Beth Israel more than a Synagogue is a big and warm family.
We encourage those of you looking for a spiritual family to consider ours.
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Beth Israel Synagogue | A Conservative Jewish Congregation ...
Roanoke | Beth Israel Synagogue
Posted By simmons on September 9, 2015
FRIDAY EVENING - Shabbat Services are at 5:30 PM from December through March; during the months of April, September, October and November, they are held at 6:30 PM. From May through August (Daylight Savings Time), services usually begin at 7:00 PM.
SATURDAY SERVICES - Services are held weekly at 9:30 AM.
WEEKDAY MINYANIM - Weekday Minyanim and breakfasts are held Mondays and Thursdays at 8:00 AM.
SUNDAY MORNING MINYAN AND BREAKFAST - Held at 8:30 AM. These services are geared for young adults and children; the congregation at large is welcomed as well. During this service, the rabbi will show you how to put on tefillin.
JUNIOR CONGREGATION SERVICES - Held once a month at 10:30 AM for children from third grade through Bar/Bat Mitzvah (September through May).
TOT SHABBAT SERVICES - Conducted once a month for the younger children.
Shabbat Times for Sep 11, 2015 Roanoke, VA US 27 Elul, 5775 Parshas Nitzavim / Candle Lighting Time: 7:14 PM Sunset Friday: 7:34 PM Sunrise: 6:58 AM Sunset Saturday: 7:34 PM Havdalah (72 min): 8:46 PM
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Roanoke | Beth Israel Synagogue
Congregation B'nai Zion in Key West
Posted By richards on September 8, 2015
Saturday Morning Services @ 9:30 AM ... Sharp
Rabbi's Class Wednesdays @ 7pm in the Bernstein Library
With very heavy hearts and deep sadness we announce the passing of our dear member, Vice President and long time friend, Si Stern.
Si passed away peacefully Sunday morning surrounded by his loving family at Mt. Sinai hospital.
Services will be held at Congregation B'nai Zion on Wednesday, September 9th at 10:00 a.m.
Arrangements for Shiva will be announced at that time.
Sunday 13 September, 8 pm Erev Rosh Hashanah
Monday 14 September, 9 am Rosh Hashanah Services Followed by Kiddush lunch sponsored by Si Stern and Dr. John & Fran Kreinces Tashlich immediately following Kiddush lunch Tuesday 15 September, 9 am Rosh Hashanah Services
Sunday 20 September, 10:30 am Kever Avot (cemetery visit)
Tuesday 22 September, 7 pm Kol Nidre
Wednesday 23 September, 9 am Yom Kippur Services Break & then resume services ...
Wednesday 23 September, 5 pm Mincha & Neilah Service Followed by BREAK FAST
Sunday 27 September, 5 pm Sukkah Set-up (10 am) and Decorate (5 pm)
Monday 28 September, 9 am Sukkot service & Breakfast
Sunday 4 October, 9 am Sukkot Morning Service - Hoshana Rabba Last day of Sukkot/Yizkor
Sunday 4 October, 7 pm Rabbi's father Yahrzeit Simchat Torah & Yiskor/Shemini Atzeret
Dr John Kreinces Shabbat Services CD and High Holiday CD are available in the Gift Shop. These are absolutely wonderful CD's of CBZ Cantor John singing all the songs and all the voices are his! Every CBZ member should have both of these CD's at home. Do a mitzvah and give them as Gifts to your family and friends for this holiday season. These CD's will help you sing along with John and everyone else at the Services.
BERNIE KAPLAN, THE MUSIC IN ME CONCERT:
Congregation Bnai Zion played host to a wonderful musical event that served to debut songs by long-time CBZ member BERNIE KAPLAN Bernie, a member of the Bnai Zion choir, does not know how to play an instrument or notate music, but in his younger days he composed songs in his head while driving from state-to-state for work. For the past two years, the talented NANCY 3 HOFFMAN has worked with Bernie to solidify the songs that his mind held; Nancy assisted with lyrics, harmonies and so on.
The hard work came to fruition at the April 19th concert, narrated by Nancy 3, at which popular local performers ERIC HALEY and MICHAEL ROBINSON beautifully presented Bernies music. Michael Robinson also lent his musical expertise to enhancing the final arrangements for Bernies songs. CBZs sanctuary was packed for this event and the audience even included Bernies cousin, Rachelle Elias, who travelled from California to be in Key West for this special occasion.
The program included a song composed for Bernies sister, Rose Einhorn, who was not able to attend. A sumptuous reception - prepared by Rebetzen Nadia Dudai and sponsored by Bernies sister, Mae Mcmahan followed the musical program. Many others assisted in making the event a success, including: Rabbi Shimon Dudai, Dr. Fred Covan, synagogue president, and The CBZ Board of Directors, Kenny Weschler, Connie Gilbert, Liz Young, Karen Grant Margil, Karen Leonard & Aaron Wechter, BG Carter, and Lucy Page & Jan Bergh.
Together with his two sisters, Mae & Rose, Bernie has been an integral member of the Key West community for decades. Being able to experience the tunes that Bernie held within him and to learn of the path followed to achieve that was an exceptional opportunity for the audience members lucky enough to attend.
Thank you Bernie and thank you to everyone who made this fabulous event possible!!
2015 schedule ... CBZ was treated to 2 more Great Speakers.
A Special Thank You to
January 9 ... Stanley Zabar
February 6 ... Rabbi Steven Glazer
And of course a BIG thank You to Nadia and her crew, whose incredible meals after the Lectures always makes for a Great Social Evening at CBZ.
Stay tuned for next years' speakers
Call Kenny Weschler 305-292-1920 or kayjay915@aol.com to make reservations
CBZ extends its gratitude in advance to all those who make High Holiday Pledges and Contribution;
for Tree of Life Leaves and Yahrzeit Memorial Plaques,
to the Rabbi's Fund, the Cemetery Fund and for Saturday Kiddush Donations.
Please send in your checks ASAP, and for those who have already done so ...THANK YOU.
Our synagogue depends on your generous contributions,
as does the STATE of ISRAEL. Please give!
It is with deep sadness and heavy hearts
we announce the passing of longtime friend and CBZ member
Samuel "Sy" Krinsky, world traveler, eternal optimist, foodie, voracious reader, joke teller
and theater-goer. Sy died on Monday, April 20, 2015 at age 89.
BE GENEROUS ... SPONSOR A KIDDUSH
Special Thanks to all those who have sponsored a Saturday Kiddush, and kudos to Nadia and her Volunteer Staff for making our Saturday Kiddush the best brunch on the Island.
If you partake in our wonderful saturday kiddush, then please be generous and sponsor one or two of your own.
For sponsoring a Kiddush call Nadia @ 786-877-0118 RebetzenND2004@aol.com
A job well done to Susie Savitch, Sheldon Davidson and Bernie Kaplan creating the Key West Jewish History panels L'DOR V'DOR (from generation to generation) that are now on display in the Social Hall.
And a Book on Key West Jewish History is almost done!
Don't Forget CBZ has Key Wests' only Judaica Gift Shop
call Mae @ 305-294-3437
Trope Class
Dr. John Kreinces wil start a Trope class if anyone is interested ... e-mail Dr. John
Read the Most Recent CBZ Newsletter Here
2015
2015 Sept - Oct Newsletter
2015 July - August Newsletter
2015 May - June Newsletter
2015 March - April Newsletter
2015 January-February Newsletter
2014 November - December Newsletter
2014 September - October Newsletter
2014 July - August Newsletter
2014 May - June Newsletter
2014 March-April Newsletter
2014 January-February Newsletter
2013 November-December Newsletter
2013 September - October Newsletter
2013 July - August Newsletter
2013 May - June Newsletter
2013 March - April Newsletter
2013 January - February Newsletter
2012 Nov-Dec Newsletter
2012 Sept-Oct Newsletter
2012 July - August Newsletter
2012 May - June Newsletter
2012 March - April Newsletter
2012 January-Febuary Newsletter
2011 November-December Newsletter
2011 September-October Newsletter
2011 July - August Newsletter
2011 May - June Newsletter
2011 March - April Newsletter
2011 Jan - Feb Newsletter
2010 Nov-Dec Newsletter
2010 Sept-Oct Newsletter
2010 July-August Newsletter
Read the original here:
Congregation B'nai Zion in Key West
Shtreimel – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Posted By richards on September 8, 2015
A shtreimel (Yiddish: , pl. shtreimlech) is a fur hat worn by many married haredi Jewish men, particularly (although not exclusively) members of Hasidic groups, on Shabbat and Jewish holidays and other festive occasions.[1] In Jerusalem, the shtreimel is also worn by "Yerushalmi" Jews (non-Hasidim who belong to the original Ashkenazi community of Jerusalem, also known as Perushim). The shtreimel is generally worn only after marriage, except in some Yerushalmi communities, where boys wear it from the age of bar mitzvah.
While there is strong religious custom for Jewish males to cover their heads, from the standpoint of Jewish law there is no special religious significance to the shtreimel as compared to other head coverings. However, the wearing of two head coverings is considered to add additional spiritual merit, plus the presence of beautiful craftsmanship adds beautification and honor to the custom. The shtreimel is always worn over a kippah, or yarmulke.
There is much speculation surrounding the origin of the shtreimel. According to the Encyclopdia Britannica, it is of Tatar origin.[2]
A traditional story has it that an anti-Semitic political figure once issued a decree that male Jews must be identified on Shabbat by "wearing a tail" on their heads. Although the decree was an attempt to mock the Jews, the Hasidic rabbis considered the matter seriously, in keeping with the universally accepted Jewish law stating the Law of the Land in which Jews live is to be upheld so long as it does not obstruct Jewish observance. They arrived at a plan that complied with and even exceeded the decree by arranging to make hats such as worn by royalty, encircled by a ring of tails, thereby transforming an object of intended ridicule into a crown. Further, they instituted that the number of tails follow Jewish numerology, symbolizing the wearer's sacred intentions.[citation needed]
Male Orthodox Jews can be highly conservative regarding headgear, and some traditional Jews still wear trilbys or homburgs; in France tricornes or in the UK top hats.[citation needed] Such headgear is worn on special occasions (such as Shabbat), in the synagogue, or by office-holders such as rabbis and even where non-Jews in the country of origin have mostly stopped wearing it. The shtreimel is comparable in construction to fur hats worn by Eastern European and Russian nobility and royalty. Peter the Great wore a hat resembling a shtreimel[citation needed]. After Napoleon's failed attempt to conquer Russia in 1812, despite their dislike towards the "West" most Russians adopted western European dress, except the Jews, who wore the old style, including the shtreimel.[3]
According to Rabbi Aaron Wertheim, Rabbi Pinchas of Koretz (17261791) stated, "The acronym for Shabbos is: Shtreimel Bimkom Tefillin -- the shtreimel takes the place of tefillin."[4] Since wearing special clothing on Shabbat is a form of sanctification, among the Hasidim of Galicia and Hungary, the shtreimel is associated with the holiness of Shabbat, a crown such as that worn by royalty, which enhances and beatifies Shabbat.
There are those[who?] who say that to wear a shtreimel is to wear a crown. Viewed from atop the head, the ring of tails is wrapped clockwise spirally connoting that the spiritual forces invoked by the shtreimel are radiating in such a fashion as to invoke the Divine Presence to become more tangible in creation. Arnon[5] even asserts that the number of furs used in the manufacture of the shtreimel has some significance. Common numbers are 13, 18, and 26, corresponding respectively to the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy, the numerical value (gematria) of the word for life (Hebrew: ), and the numerical value of the Tetragrammaton.[3] Contemporary shtreimlach may include higher numbers of tails. At least one maker creates shtreimelach with 42 tails, symbolizing the 42-letter Divine Name.
The shtreimel is typically custom-made for the intended wearer, of genuine fur, from the tips of the tails typically of Canadian or Russian sable, stone marten, baum marten (Pine Marten), or American gray fox. The shtreimel is the most costly article of Hasidic clothing, ranging in price from US$1,000 to US$5,400.[citation needed] It is possible to buy a shtreimel made of synthetic fur, which is more common in Israel. Usually the bride's father purchases the shtreimel for the groom upon his wedding. Nowadays, it is customary in America to purchase two shtreimels: a cheaper version (selling for $8001,500), called the regen shtreimel (rain shtreimel) used for occasions where the expensive one may get damaged. In Israel, due to the economic circumstances of most members of the Hasidic community in that country, the vast majority of shtreimel-wearers own only one shtreimel. Manufacturers of shtreimels can be found in New York City, Montreal, Bnei Brak, and Jerusalem. The shtreimel manufacturers (shtreimel machers in Yiddish) keep their trade a closely guarded secret.[6]
The shtreimel is only worn in conjunction with other articles of clothing that comprise "Shabbos wear". It is never worn with weekday clothing.
While there are no official rules as to when the shtreimel is to be worn, it is usually worn on the following occasions:
Some Hasidic Rebbes wear a shtreimel on occasions when their Hasidim will not, such as when lighting the Hanukah menorah or when conducting a tish on Tu B'Shevat and Lag B'Omer, whereas other rebbes may wear a kolpik on those occasions, and still others simply wear their weekday hat.
Continue reading here:
Shtreimel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ASHKENAZI – ashkenazi meaning – Jewish Genealogy
Posted By richards on September 8, 2015
ASHKENAZI Genealogy
This is an open forum to discuss the origin, the meaning and the family stories of the surname ASHKENAZI.
Both your knowledge and the oral tradition of the origin and meaning of this surname will be helpfull.
Using the Daitch-Mokotoff Soundex Code we can obtain some variants of scripture of the same surname. Below you will find the variants of scripture we have in our database. They will be useful to find and to determine the ASHKENAZI meaning.
We invite you to post your knowledge and familiar tradition about your surnames. JUST DO IT at the end of the following posts.
You can also try to find relatives posting here information about your relatives you are searching for.
We locate and contact with you the branches of your family that has emigrated to Argentina. We also get birth, marriage and death certificates for legal procedures (legalized and apostilled and delivered worldwide) or just for genealogy. These are charged services.
Use these variants to find more information about the meaning of a surname and to try to find relatives who have a variation in the scripture of your surname.
Try to search here for burial records for surname ASHKENAZI. You will find records of the Buenos Aires Jewish cemeteries.
Try to search for ASHKENAZI in the Jewish Directory of Buenos Aires 1947.
Follow this link:
ASHKENAZI - ashkenazi meaning - Jewish Genealogy
