Jewish American Heritage Month

Posted By simmons on July 19, 2015

An analysis of the causes of the Jewish-Slavic Holocaust is essential to an understanding of the reasons why war and violence continue to plague our world.

Human civilization as we understand it -- cities, government, religion, writing -- originated about 6,000 years ago. By the year A.D. 1939 this civilization, especially its Western branch, had developed great scientific and technological accomplishments, art and literature, philosophies and religions. That fateful year also marked the beginning of the Jewish-Slavic Holocaust, the attempt to extirpate millions of human beings because they belonged to communities deemed to be inferior or harmful. The Holocaust largely succeeded because its implementers were able to employ the latest technological developments in weapons, transportation, communications, medical technology, and the active or passive cooperation of governments and organized religion. As a survivor and student of this manifestation of human behavior, I believe I have the credentials to explore its causes and potential consequences.

Why the Holocaust?

The vivid images of recent human suffering in Bosnia and Somalia on the television screen caused me to remember again the unforgettable. An inmate of a Nazi concentration camp who was reduced by malnutrition to a human skeleton was called a Muselmann -- a Muslim. Half a century later the Serbian concentration camps imprisoned real-life Muslims who were on the verge of becoming human skeletons. The unfortunate starving women and children of Somalia were Muslims in the same double sense. The piles of massacred bodies in Rwanda were reminiscent of the horrors encountered by the liberators of the German concentration camps. Is it just a coincidence that similar events are repeated after a lapse of fifty years?

Struggling for survival in 1944 at Auschwitz, as Prisoner A-9867, I and my fellow victims had scant time to puzzle over the reason for our plight. Everything seemed incomprehensible -- in fact, a living nightmare. Between 1941 and 1944 I was part of a Jewish community in a small town in Hungary. Rumors of persecutions and massacres by Nazi Germany came to our attention. But they were simply unbelievable. The nation renowned for its culture and civilization, which produced some of the world's greatest philosophers, scientists and artists simply could not do such horrible things! Our illusion was shattered, when suddenly in 1944 the German army occupied Hungary. The entire Jewish community was rounded up and transported to the extermination camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau. The plumes of smoke emanating from the crematoria and the odor of burning bodies testified to the murder of the hundreds of thousands of innocent victims of genocide. Those able to work were consigned to slow starvation at forced labor. Only about one in twenty survived this culmination of Western "civilization." I still recall the title of the lead article in the newspaper published by the survivors after our liberation: "Why?" The Holocaust appeared so mysterious after our ordeal that the article's author could only supply vague references to historical Jewish martyrdom and our need to endure.

Over the decades I spent considerable time researching and studying the events leading to the Holocaust. My conclusions are obvious, yet complex. The Holocaust was a gigantic, unprecedented, irrational catastrophe, which will never be fully comprehended in its entirety. Unfortunately, the causes or reasons for the Holocaust are only too clearly and readily understandable. A preexisting infrastructure for genocide and a series of "triggering" events, resulted in the Holocaust -- the annihilation of most of Europe's Jewish population. Political mismanagement and the war institution combined to inflict this tragedy on the 6 million Jews and the 11 million Slavs, Gypsies and other victims.

The Occurrence of Catastrophes

The Holocaust is well defined by the word "catastrophe" -- a momentous, tragic, sudden event marked by extreme misfortune and utter overthrow or ruin. Since the 1970s a mathematical "catastrophe theory" has emerged to predict discontinuous, frequently damaging changes of any kind. Its advocates claim that not only physical changes (e.g., the collapse of a dam), but social events, such as the outbreak of wars, are both explainable and predictable. Preexisting conditions become intensified or overburdened by continuing events until the overload condition occurs, and the sudden abrupt change takes place. A probability factor can be applied to the conditions and events, so that predicting or forecasting catastrophes becomes feasible.The contributing factors of a specific catastrophe can be explained and understood. The analysis of the causes of catastrophes also makes it possible to allocate the share of the responsibility, if any, to institutions or persons. Blame for negligence or willful actions can be assigned as well.

The disastrous brush-fires of 1993 in the Los Angeles area provide a good illustration of a catastrophe facilitated by human actions. On the surface the blame should be assigned to the vagrant or the arsonists who started the fires. More realistically, these were the major contributing factors, with estimated responsibility shares (Newsweek, Nov. 8, 1993; percentages by author):

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Chapter 1. The Causes of the Holocaust - HPN

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Posted By richards on July 18, 2015

Ashkenazi Jews ( Y'hudey Ashkenaz in Ashkenazi Hebrew) Total population 10[1]11.2[2] million Regions with significant populations United States 56 million[3] Israel 2.8 million[1][4] Russia 194,000500,000 Argentina 300,000 United Kingdom ~ 260,000 Canada ~ 240,000 France 200,000 Germany 200,000 Ukraine 150,000 Australia 120,000 South Africa 80,000 Belarus 80,000 Hungary 75,000 Chile 70,000 Belgium 30,000 Brazil 30,000 Netherlands 30,000 Moldova 30,000 Poland 25,000 Mexico 18,500 Sweden 18,000 Latvia 10,000 Romania 10,000 Austria 9,000 New Zealand 5,000 Azerbaijan 4,300 Lithuania 4,000 Czech Republic 3,000 Slovakia 3,000 Estonia 1,000 Languages Historical: Yiddish Modern: Local languages, primarily: English, Hebrew, Russian Religion Judaism, some secular, irreligious Related ethnic groups Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions, Samaritans,[5]Assyrians,[5][6]Kurds,[7]Arabs, other Levantines,[5][6][8][9]Italians, Iberians and Greeks[10][11][12][13][14]

Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or simply Ashkenazim (Hebrew: , Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: [aknazim], singular: [aknazi], Modern Hebrew: [akenazim, akenazi]; also Y'hudey Ashkenaz, lit. "The Jews of Germany"),[15] are a Jewish ethnic division whose ethnogenesis and emergence as a distinct community of Jews coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the 1st millennium.[16] The traditional language of Ashkenazi Jews consisted of various dialects of Yiddish.

They established communities throughout Central and Eastern Europe, which had been their primary region of concentration and residence until recent times, evolving their own distinctive characteristics and diasporic identities.[17] Once emancipated, weaving Jewish creativity into the texture of European life (Hannah Arendt),[18] the Ashkenazi made a "quite disproportionate and remarkable contribution to humanity" (Eric Hobsbawm[19]), and to European culture in all fields of endeavour: philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music and science.[20][21] The genocidal impact of the Holocaust, the mass murder of approximately 6 million Jews during World War II devastated the Ashkenazi and their Yiddish culture, affecting almost every Jewish family.[22][23]

It is estimated that in the 11th century Ashkenazi Jews composed only three percent of the world's Jewish population, while at their peak in 1931 they accounted for 92 percent of the world's Jews. Immediately prior to the Holocaust, the number of Jews in the world stood at approximately 16.7 million.[24] Statistical figures vary for the contemporary demography of Ashkenazi Jews, oscillating between 10 million[1] and 11.2 million.[2]Sergio DellaPergola in a rough calculation of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews, implies that Ashkenazi make up less than 74% of Jews worldwide.[25] Other estimates place Ashkenazi Jews as making up about 75% of Jews worldwide.[26]

Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studiesresearching both their paternal and maternal lineagespoint to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry.[27] These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages.

The name Ashkenazi derives from the biblical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, son of Khaphet, son of Noah, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). The name of Gomer has often been linked to the ethnonym Cimmerians. Biblical Ashkenaz is usually derived from Assyrian Akza (cuneiform Akuzai/Ikuzai), a people who expelled the Cimmerians from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates,[28] whose name is usually associated with the name of the Scythians.[29][30] The intrusive n in the Biblical name is likely due to a scribal error confusing a waw with a nun .[29][30][31]

In Jeremiah 51:27, Ashkenaz figures as one of three kingdoms in the far north, the others being Minni and Ararat, perhaps corresponding to Urartu, called on by God to resist Babylon.[31][32]

In the Yoma tractate of the Babylonian Talmud the name Gomer is rendered as Germania, which elsewhere in rabbinical literature was identified with Germanikia in northwestern Syria, but later became associated with Germania. Ashkenaz is linked to Scandza/Scanzia, viewed as the cradle of Germanic tribes, as early as a 6th-century gloss to the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius.[33] In the 10th-century History of Armenia of Yovhannes Drasxanakertc'i (1.15) Ashkenaz was associated with Armenia,[28] as it was occasionally in Jewish usage, where its denotation extended at times to Adiabene, Khazaria, Crimea and areas to the east.[34] His contemporary Saadia Gaon identified Ashkenaz with the Saquliba or Slavic territories,[35] and such usage covered also the lands of tribes neighboring the Slavs, and Eastern and Central Europe.[34] In modern times, Samuel Krauss identified the Biblical "Ashkenaz" with Khazaria.[35]

Sometime in the early medieval period, the Jews of central and eastern Europe came to be called by this term.[31] In conformity with the custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names, Spain was denominated Sefarad (Obadiah 20), France was called Tsarefat (1 Kings 17:9), and Bohemia was called the Land of Canaan.[36] By the high medieval period, Talmudic commentators like Rashi began to use Ashkenaz/Eretz Ashkenaz to designate Germany, earlier known as Loter,[31][33] where, especially in the Rhineland communities of Speyer, Worms and Mainz, the most important Jewish communities arose.[37] Rashi uses leshon Ashkenaz (Ashkenazi language) to describe German speech, and Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters referred to the Crusaders as Ashkenazim.[33] Given the close links between the Jewish communities of France and Germany following the Carolingian unification,
the term Ashkenazi came to refer to both the Jews of medieval Germany and France.[38]

The origins of the Ashkenazim are obscure,[39] and many theories have arisen speculating about their ultimate provenance.[40] The most well supported theory is the one that details a Jewish migration through what is now Italy and other parts of southern Europe.[41] The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since pre-Christian times.[42] Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until 212 CE, when Emperor Caracalla granted all free peoples this privilege. Jews were required to pay a poll tax until the reign of Emperor Julian in 363. In the late Roman Empire, Jews were free to form networks of cultural and religious ties and enter into various local occupations. But, after Christianity became the official religion of Rome and Constantinople in 380, Jews were increasingly marginalized.

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Ashkenazi Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Posted By richards on July 18, 2015

Ofra Haza's husband found dead, police suspect drug overdose

By Amit Ben-Aroya Ha'aretz Correspondent and wires

Doron Ashkenazi - widower of Israel's most successful international singer, Ofra Haza, who died of AIDS in February 2000 - died Saturday night of an overdose of crystallized cocaine, police said.

His autopsy today may shed a light on Haza's death as well.

"We are expecting an answer as to whether Doron was HIV positive, and the one who infected Ofra," attorney Arie Sharabi, who represents the Haza family, said yesterday.

Several complaints were filed with the police, accusing Ashkenazi of not informing Haza that he was HIV positive. Ashkenazi, who has an eight-year-old girl and a 15-year-old boy, was never arrested in connection with Haza's death. The Tel Aviv prosecutor is still working on the Haza file. His death is to terminate the investigation, unless the family allows it to be continued, which is very unlikely, Sharabi explained.

On Saturday night, the night of the Seder, Ashkenazi would not celebrate with his family. He said he was still in mourning. A preliminary police investigation indicates he spent the evening with friends, doing "crystal meth" at Ashkenazi's home in Herzliya.

When Ashkenazi suddenly collapsed at 8 P.M., one of the friends called an ambulance, and told Ashkenazi's family. Ashkenazi was rushed to Beilinson Hospital in Petah Tikva, where, after attempts at resuscitation, he was pronounced dead.

Police were only informed at 10:30 PM. Chief Superintendent Avi Sasson, deputy commander of the Gelilot station, which is investigating the case, told Ha'aretz he still did not know why Ashkenazi's car was found parked in south Tel Aviv.

Ashkenazi family lawyer Shmuel Zang said Ashkenazi was focused on the legal proceeding that were to begin in a few weeks regarding the validity of Haza's will, a copy of which could not be found.

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Doran Ashkenazi - drug overdose - Tripod.com

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Posted By richards on July 18, 2015

Catherine Afarian calls herself a love child of the 70s. Her mother discovered that she was pregnant after she had broken off a relationship of less than a year. Afarian has never met her biological father, but her mother always said he came from a big Italian family, and Afarian got a kick out of Italian colleagues telling her she looked just like a Roman girl.

In late 2010, though, Afarian learned that a big part of her identity had been based on very shaky ground.

As a new employee at 23andMe, a personal genome company based in Mountain View, California, Afarian had submitted a spit sample for a DNA analysis. Based on the variations in her genes, 23andMe estimated her health risks and traced her ancestry.

Afarian had already been diagnosed with Crohns disease, so she wasnt surprised to learn that her genes put her at a much higher-than-average risk for the chronic digestive tract condition. But she was taken aback to find that 23andMe classified 48.9% of her DNA as Ashkenazi. Italy didnt even show up on her ancestry composition. Her mother isnt Jewish, so 48.9% had to have come from her biological father.

While her revelation was more dramatic than most, Afarian is one of a growing number of non-Jews fascinated with the discovery of a Jewish ancestors footprints in their DNA, thanks to testing that has become much more affordable - $99 or $199, depending on the company - than it had been only a few years ago.

I think people are attracted by this idea of being part of a lost tribe, said Misha Angrist, an assistant professor at the Duke Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy and the author of the 2010 book Here Is a Human Being: At the Dawn of Personal Genomics. More generally, I think people perceive Jewish ancestry as somehow exotic. Not necessarily Angrist, because all four of his grandparents were Ashkenazi, and 23andMe revealed no surprises there.

Anthropologist Sandra Lee, a senior research scholar at the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, has studied the reasons that 23andMe customers sign up for the service. In her research, she has found that about 40% say their primary motive was to learn more about their ancestry. People are looking for the unexpected, using the genome to excavate an unknown past, some detail about their life that hasnt been revealed to them, Lee said.

Lee says she suspects that the Ashkenazi Jewish identity is particularly interesting for such seekers because of its very strong cultural component as to what makes somebody Jewish. People who discover they must have had an Ashkenazi ancestor are likely to examine whether anything in their lives might reflect that, Lee says.

He noted that unexpected ancestry findings in DNA catalyze a whole bunch of discussions, particularly with family members. It can be exciting. It also can be, at times, a painful type of exploration. Its really about ideas about who one wants to be and what the possibilities are for the future.

That has certainly been Afarians experience. I have this entire culture now that I need to explore, she said, noting that shes always had plenty of Jewish friends. I dont know what you serve at a Seder dinner, but I know that its really important. I have a lot of Yiddish to learn. I definitely like the idea that Im part of this larger community. This is a significant part of who I am, and on some level I want to understand this better.

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How Ashkenazi are you? Tapping into genetic secrets online ...

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Posted By richards on July 18, 2015

Since arriving in New Amsterdam (present day New York City) in 1654, the Jewish people have achieved great success, toiling tirelessly in strengthening the nation and in their commitments to faith and family. These stories are the ties that bind their heritage to the chord of American history.

This exhibition follows the Jewish experience from American settlement in 1654 to present day successes and challenges 350 years later. In telling the story of the diverse group of immigrants, the presentation examines their efforts in acclimating themselves to American society while asserting their right to be individuals.

The artifacts on display on this web site are drawn from the library, archival, and museum collections of the five partner organizations of the Center for Jewish History. They represent only a small sample of the resources that provide scholars and the public with the opportunity for in-depth exploration of the American Jewish experience and other topics in Jewish history.

The Jews in America.org web site is supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (external link)

An oral history project documenting the life experiences of Holocaust survivors from the end of World War II to the present time, this presentation documents the stories of six Holocaust survivors who emigrated to the U.S. and reveals the complexity of starting over.

In 1925, Florence Prag Kahn succeeded her late husband Julius in a San Francisco-based U.S. House seat, becoming the first Jewish woman to serve in Congress. Not content with the tradtional widow's role as a temporary placeholder, she would enjoy a 12-year congressional career of her own and blazed a trail for women seeking political office.

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Stories - Jewish American Heritage Month

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Posted By admin on July 18, 2015

Dr Nabeel Al Shawa (left) is a consultant orthopaedic surgeon at Gazas only prosthetic clinic in Gaza. He is here seeing Rajaa Mohammed Hamdan from Rafah, who lost his leg and fingers when a bomb landed just outside his house while he was in the door with his 15-year-old son Mohammed. It all happened in a question of seconds, Rajaa says. My son died on the spot. I was on the phone when the bomb fell, so my hand was protecting my head and thats how I lost my fingers but managed to stay alive. Rajaa spent months in Egypt where doctors tried to save his leg but his condition degenerated and they had to amputate it last February. Life has changed completely for me, Rajaa said. I dont go out anymore. I dont want anyone to see me like this. I couldnt move for some six months, and now that I can move a bit Im just ashamed. Dr Nabeel said: Over the years, in different wars, Ive seen all sorts of wounds and operated in some of the most chaotic situations, but when the physical pain and shock subsides, the psychological effects of amputations are just devastating. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Wafdi Suhail Baker, 25, from Shatee Refugee Camp and father of two, stands on his destroyed boat which used to provide his family with their livelihoods. Were a family of fishermen and this was my boat on which I used to work together with my father and brothers, Wafdi said. In the last war my boat together with seven others belonging to our relatives were bombed while they were berthed in Gaza Harbour. All the nets, engines, and equipment were gone; not even the fire fighters could reach the port as it was too dangerous. Were now working for other fishermen making only a fraction of the income we used to make when we had our boats. Its humiliating. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Mohammed Hamad, 75, a farmer from Beit Hanoun, had his land destroyed three times since 2006. In the last war however he suffered the worst blow ever when his house was hit and six from his family were killed, including his wife, three sons, daughter-in-law and granddaughter. A total of 13 of Mohammeds grandchildren lost one or both of their parents a year ago. Everything changed for us last year, Mohammed says. To be stolen of my wife is too hard. I now face my grandchildren on my own and I feel lost. My grandchildren wake up afraid at night and theres nobody to console them. It all happened on the 10th day of Ramadan, on 8 July. We were all gathered in the garden after prayers when I went inside to rest. All of a sudden there was this huge explosion that destroyed the walls. I looked out and couldnt see anyone with the smoke for a while, but then I could see everyone dead; six lifeless bodies, all killed at once. After that we fled with the rest of my family members. My grandson was hit in his stomach; he spent 50 days crying in pain. We lived 50 days of madness. Even when we were seeking shelter in a school, we were still under attack from everywhere: drones and planes in the sky; artillery and soldiers on the ground; the navy firing from the sea. How can we expect our children to be able to go back to school normally when even their classrooms were hit? The people who died are gone, but we are still here mourning them. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Riyad Abu Ouda, 56, had a house in Beit Hanoun with three apartments that was destroyed last year. Initially he moved to an UNRWA school and then to a rented house covered by aid funding, but they had to move out after four months as the funding stopped. They are now back on the site of their destroyed house, 10 people living in a metal shack Riyad just built. I never felt as depressed as when we returned after the war and saw our house destroyed, Riyad says. All my lifes savings went into our house and now its all gone. When will I ever see my house again? Ill probably die before my family gets its house back. Were not even the worst off, at least we now have somewhere to stay, there are people who are in a worse position. We didnt get any help in months now; we dont even have a state to look after us. When you dont have a state, you have nobody to protect you, and this rubble is the result. The international community cannot stay silent. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Bayan, 12, from Khan Younis, is the oldest of four siblings who lost their mother last year. She now feels responsible for her brothers and sisters, but she is still recovering from the trauma of the experience that changed their lives. On 24 July 2014, the Israeli forces were just metres away from Bayans family house, when her parents decided to leave. They walked to a friends house about 10 kilometres away at night, passing by tanks and troops. We were a lot of neighbours walking together out of our houses, Bayan recalls. It was very dark but I wasnt afraid of the tanks; I was afraid they would bomb us from the air. Once they reached their friends house they stayed overnight. In the morning, when all of them were gathered in one room except for Bayans mother who was in another part of the building, when she was suffered a direct hit from a drone. I miss my mother and now I feel responsible for my younger siblings, Bayan said. Were all victims of the war and we will never forget it. But Im no longer afraid. I know there will be other wars, weve had one every two years, and we have nothing left to lose. For months after her mother died, Bayan drew pictures of her being hit and set them aside to hand them to her mum. She was given psychosocial assistance and has been showing steady improvement. I just want Palestine to be free, thats all I want, Bayan said. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Wajeha Alshaer suffered the devastating loss of three of her children in different drone strikes in the last war. We were in our house when my 16-year-old son Ibrahim wanted to go outside. He was just a few metres outside the house when he was hit by a drone. People came rushing to our house to tell us Ibrahim was just hit. Another son of mine, Bader, 18, decided to go with his brother-in-law on his motorbike to the hospital when they were also hit by a drone and killed immediately. Ten days later they bombed our house and my 12-year-old daughter Aya was killed in her bedroom. What did she do to deserve this? What did my two grandsons do to have their father killed? Muayed, who is eight months old, was still unborn when his father was killed. His mother now lives with Wajeha and her other son, Ibrahim, 2. Weve seen too much, we have no security or stability in our life, Wajeha said. When will this ever end? What do I do the next time there is a drone flying above us? I just want all this to stop. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

Abeer, 40, is a Syrian national who fled from Yarmouk Camp in Damascus to the Gaza Strip with her Palestinian husband through the tunnels with the Egyptian border in December 2011. She holds a picture of her six daughters and one son from her first husband, who died of an illness in 2008. Since getting married again she has been facing a lot of problems to keep custody of her children and finally had to leave Syria without them. I fled the war in Syria and since then Ive had another two here in Gaza, Abeer said. The last war was very frightening. Unlike in Syria, there was nowhere safe to go to, its too small here and all borders are closed. I dont know how we survived. Since she arrived in Gaza, Abeer had another son and meanwhile she has learnt that her children in Syria have been separated: some are living with their relatives, some in a centre for orphans, and her 14-year-old daughter was forced into getting married. Another daughter aged 18 was also forced into marriage when she was 15. Im trapped here: I cant go back to Syria because the borders are closed. I receive little bits of news from my children and I miss them terribly; I feel Ive abandoned them and its killing me. I wish I could bring them here with me but still it would be like fleeing from death to return to death. We never know when the next war is ever going to happen. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

One year since the Al Awda biscuits factory in Deir Al Balah was struck repeatedly by Israeli artillery fire, workers are still clearing up the heavily damaged areas and destroyed warehouses. All of the factorys raw materials, months of stock, fuel reserves, cold stores and products were consumed in the fire, which spread all over the place and kept blazing for three days. The cost of the direct damages is estimated at US$ 18 million, not counting the days of work lost. It was impossible to reach the factory while it was on fire because of all bombing, the owner and director of the factory, Mohammed Al Tilbani, said. We lost brand new machines, all the stock and huge parts of the factory. We made our case for compensation to the Israeli authorities and we didnt even get a reply or a justification about why the factory was targeted. Despite the huge losses, Al Awda is back in business, with its current production at 70 per cent of what it was a year ago. The blockade means the factory will never achieve its full potential. Gaza gets only eight hours of electricity a day, with the cost of running generators for Al Awda more than double the price of normal energy. The factory was opened in 1977 and has expanded over the years, diversifying its products from biscuits to ice cream, potato chips, wafers and juice. Before the blockade imposed by Israel eight years ago, 60 per cent of Al Awda products were sold in the West Bank and Israel, with exports to Jordan and Egypt. The company was then employing 400 people on three shifts, but with the blockade the major market for Al Awda became off limits overnight, although Al Tilbani preferred scaling down production while keeping most of the workers. In the last war on Gaza, 206 factories and workshops were completely destroyed and another 332 were damaged. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

An entire neighbourhood in Shajaiya was wiped out in last years war, killing many and displacing thousands. One year on, none of the 12,580 destroyed houses have been rebuilt and over 100,000 Palestinians remain homeless. At the current rate of reconstruction materials being allowed into blockaded Gaza, it will take another 66 years to rebuild what was destroyed and meet the total housing needs. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

An entire neighbourhood in Shajaiya was wiped out in last years war, killing many and displacing thousands. One year on, none of the 12,580 destroyed houses have been rebuilt and over 100,000 Palestinians remain homeless. At the current rate of reconstruction materials being allowed into blockaded Gaza, it will take another 66 years to rebuild what was destroyed and meet the total housing needs. Photo: Karl Schembri/NRC

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Gaza: The Scars of War (PHOTOS) | Karl Schembri

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Posted By admin on July 18, 2015

Begin Pushes the Legislation Through Parliament -- U.S. Criticizes the Action By DAVID K. SHIPLER Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES OTHER HEADLINES Widespread Strikes Reported in Defiance of Polish Regime; U.S. Postpones all Pending Aid: Solidarity Active: Press Service of Union Speaks of Resistance Throughout Nation

Soviet Says Moves Are Up to Poland: Warns West Against Arriving at 'Different Interpretation' Implying Manipulation

Further U.S. Help Is in Abeyance Until Polish Situation Is Clarified

Debated Benefit in U.S. Pensions Is Backed to '82

Cooke Sees Atomic Weapons as 'Tolerable' for a Deterrent

Nuclear Panel Is Changing Under Firm New Chief

JERUSALEM, Dec. 14 -- The contested Golan Heights formally became part of Israel today as Prime Minister Menachem Begin pushed a measure through Parliament to annex the strategic zone along the Syrian border. Officials said the new measure provided that ''the law, jurisdiction and administration of the state shall apply to the Golan Heights.''

The area had been held under military occupation since Israel captured it from Syria in the 1967 war.

Vote Is 63 to 21

The legislation, enacted in Parliament by a vote of 63 to 21, brings about the first change in Israel's frontiers since 1967, when East Jerusalem,and an adjoining part of the West Bank were annexed. The rest of the Israeli-occupied West Bank, Gaza Strip and Sinai have not been annexed, but remain under military government, which implies temporary Israeli control.

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THE GOLAN HEIGHTS ANNEXED BY ISRAEL IN AN ABRUPT MOVE

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Posted By simmons on July 18, 2015

Catholic News Service

GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip One year after a war with Israel that turned daily life here into a nightmare, a Catholic priest in Gaza said the situation in this besieged Palestinian territory has deteriorated even further.

Compared with a year ago, were worse off. Although a truce stopped the war, the blockade of Gaza by Israel has grown more intense. This has direct consequences for the population, said Father Jorge Hernandez, pastor of Holy Family Catholic Parish in Gaza City.

A boy rides his bike amid the ruins of Khan Younis, Gaza Strip, June 9. Houses in the area were destroyed during the 2014 war between Israel and the Hamas government of Gaza. (CNS photo/Paul Jeffrey)

The priest said the war also served as a recruiting tool for Hamas, the Islamic party that has controlled Gaza since 2007.

The war generated new activism throughout Gaza. The number of people willing to fight has multiplied, whether on behalf of Hamas or Islamic Jihad or the Salafists, and now even with the Islamic State. Despite that, the great majority of the people of Gaza is not aligned with one party or another. They just want to live a normal life, Father Hernandez, an Argentine missionary of the Institute of the Incarnate Word, told Catholic News Service.

The 50-day war cost the lives of more than 2,250 Palestinians, 65 percent of whom were civilians, according to a June report from a U.N. investigation. The report said the scale of the devastation was unprecedented. It said the Israeli military launched more than 6,000 air strikes, 14,500 tank shells and 45,000 artillery shells into Gaza between July 7 and Aug. 26, 2014.

The war also caused immense distress and disruption to the lives of Israeli civilians, the U.N. said, reporting that nearly 4,900 rockets and more than 1,700 mortars were fired by Palestinian armed groups during that period. Sixty-six Israeli soldiers were killed, along with six civilians.

The report also cites as possible war crimes the conduct of Israeli operations in residential neighborhoods, as well as the killing of 21 suspected collaborators by Hamas armed wing.

Father Hernandez said militants came to his church compound twice looking for alleged spies among some 1,400 civilians who took shelter there. Church buildings were damaged when Israel bombed a neighboring house. At one point, Father Hernandez and several members of the Missionaries of Charity shepherded a group of 29 disabled children and nine elderly women into the open.

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The Dialog Gaza Strip

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Posted By simmons on July 18, 2015

0 2240 Bank Of The West 180 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94104 January 01, 1874 Full Service Brick and Mortar 1 200851 Campbell Branch 2395 Winchester Boulevard, Campbell, CA 95008 November 18, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 2 200852 Gilroy Branch 7865 Monterey Street, Gilroy, CA 95020 April 17, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 4 200854 Los Gatos Branch 308 North Santa Cruz Avenue, Los Gatos, CA 95030 Febuary 15, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 5 200855 Mountain View Branch 501 Castro Street, Mountain View, CA 94041 December 20, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 6 200856 Palo Alto Branch 414 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94306 October 12, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 7 200857 Bascom-San Carlos Branch 2210 Business Circle, San Jose, CA 95128 May 03, 1948 Full Service Brick and Mortar 8 200858 First Willow Branch 1010 South First Street, San Jose, CA 95110 May 07, 1951 Full Service Brick and Mortar 9 200859 Civic Center Branch 890 North First Street, San Jose, CA 95112 June 17, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 10 200860 Mayfair Branch 987 East Santa Clara Street, San Jose, CA 95116 January 12, 1950 Full Service Brick and Mortar 11 200861 Stevens Creek - Saratoga Branch 3888 Stevens Creek Boulevard, San Jose, CA 95117 May 03, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 13 200863 Cambrian Branch 14948 Camden Avenue, San Jose, CA 95124 March 25, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 15 200865 Santa Clara Branch 1705 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA 95050 March 01, 1955 Full Service Brick and Mortar 16 200866 Hamilton-Meridian Branch 1590 Hamilton Avenue, San Jose, CA 95125 January 06, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 17 200867 Saratoga Branch 18860 Cox Avenue, Saratoga, CA 95070 May 25, 1959 Full Service Brick and Mortar 18 200868 Sunnyvale Branch 380 South Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 Febuary 21, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 19 200869 Cupertino Branch 10765 North Wolfe Road, Cupertino, CA 95014 November 15, 1967 Full Service Brick and Mortar 20 200870 Milpitas Branch 1360 East Calaveras Blvd, Milpitas, CA 95035 December 30, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 22 200872 Santa Teresa-Cottle Branch 6213 Santa Teresa Boulevard, San Jose, CA 95119 May 24, 1971 Full Service Brick and Mortar 23 200873 Menlo Park Branch 701 Santa Cruz Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025 December 13, 1971 Full Service Brick and Mortar 24 13134 San Leandro Branch 1601 Washington Avenue, San Leandro, CA 94577 December 18, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 25 247930 San Lorenzo Branch 17833 Hesperian Boulevard, San Lorenzo, CA 94580 November 22, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 27 200875 Oakridge Branch 908 Blossom Hill Road, San Jose, CA 95123 Febuary 16, 1973 Full Service Brick and Mortar 29 200877 Pruneyard Towers Branch 1999 South Bascom Avenue, Campbell, CA 95008 October 15, 1973 Full Service Brick and Mortar 33 12980 Hayward Branch 1058 B Street, Hayward, CA 94541 June 26, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 36 200883 Scott Boulevard Branch 3233 Scott Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95054 March 29, 1978 Full Service Brick and Mortar 37 200884 Bollinger Road Branch 965 South De Anza Boulevard, San Jose, CA 95129 May 15, 1979 Full Service Brick and Mortar 39 200886 San Jose Main Branch 50 West San Fernando Street, San Jose, CA 95113 March 18, 1980 Full Service Brick and Mortar 45 200888 Fremont Branch 5120 Mowry Avenue, Fremont, CA 94538 May 05, 1981 Full Service Brick and Mortar 46 200889 Morgan Hill Branch 206 Tennant Station, Morgan Hill, CA 95037 October 15, 1981 Full Service Brick and Mortar 50 200892 Capitola Branch 3820 Capitola Road, Capitola, CA 95010 December 14, 1987 Full Service Brick and Mortar 55 200897 Pleasanton Branch 5452 Sunol Boulevard, Pleasanton, CA 94566 October 10, 1989 Full Service Brick and Mortar 59 189330 Woodland Branch 186 Main Street, Woodland, CA 95695 July 05, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 61 189332 El Cerrito Branch 11100 San Pablo Avenue, El Cerrito, CA 94530 October 29, 1949 Full Service Brick and Mortar 62 189333 Escalon Branch 1633 First Street, Escalon, CA 95320 September 01, 1949 Full Service Brick and Mortar 64 189335 Gridley Branch 34 East Gridley Road, Gridley, CA 95948 January 01, 1892 Full Service Brick and Mortar 65 189336 Hughson Branch 6800 Hughson Avenue, Hughson, CA 95326 September 01, 1949 Full Service Brick and Mortar 69 189340 Newark Branch 35125 Newark Boulevard, Newark, CA 94560 January 06, 1953 Full Service Brick and Mortar 70 189341 Novato Branch 1313 Grant Avenue, Novato, CA 94945 November 20, 1950 Full Service Brick and Mortar 71 189343 Medical Center Hill Branch 3305 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94611 September 27, 1960 Full Service Brick and Mortar 72 189344 Lakeshore Branch 3400 Lakeshore Avenue, Oakland, CA 94610 August 22, 1958 Full Service Brick and Mortar 73 189345 Oakley Branch 2195 Main Street, Suite D, Oakley, CA 94561 September 01, 1949 Full Service Brick and Mortar 74 189346 Orinda Branch 21 Moraga Way, Orinda, CA 94563 March 31, 1958 Full Service Brick and Mortar 76 189348 Oroville Branch 2626 Oro Dam Boulevard, Oroville, CA 95966 August 05, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 77 189349 Parlier Branch 510 J Street, Parlier, CA 93648 November 18, 1950 Full Service Brick and Mortar 79 189352 Loehmann's Plaza Branch 2581 Fair Oaks Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95825 November 24, 1958 Full Service Brick and Mortar 81 189354 Washington Manor Branch 15075 Farnsworth Street, San Leandro, CA 94579 November 26, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 83 189356 Weberstown Branch 4932 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95207 March 21, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 84 189357 Waterford Branch 12710 Bentley Street, Waterford, CA 95386 July 19, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 87 189362 Antioch Branch 2507 Somersville Road, Antioch, CA 94509 September 18, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 90 189365 Walnut Creek Branch 2050 North California Boulevard, Walnut Creek, CA 94597 May 14, 1973 Full Service Brick and Mortar 91 189366 Paradise Branch 6405 Clark Road, Paradise, CA 95969 January 02, 1974 Full Service Brick and Mortar 92 12934 Burlingame Branch 149 Park Road, Burlingame, CA 94010 May 01, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 94 245812 Fashion Fair Branch 515 East Shaw Avenue, Fresno, CA 93710 March 12, 1971 Full Service Brick and Mortar 95 245814 Clovis Branch 200 Shaw Avenue, Clovis, CA 93612 March 26, 1976 Full Service Brick and Mortar 96 12927 Livermore Branch 2287 Second Street, Livermore, CA 94550 April 16, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 98 246971 South Tahoe Branch 2161 Lake Tahoe Boulevard, South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 October 05, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 100 13924 Fairfield Main Branch 800 Jefferson Street, Fairfield, CA 94533 August 31, 1970 Full Service Brick and Mortar 104 15525 Pittsburg Branch 2900 Railroad Avenue, Pittsburg, CA 94565 August 16, 1976 Full Service Brick and Mortar 109 268104 Tulare Branch 333 East Tulare Avenue, Tulare, CA 93274 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 110 268105 Hanford Branch 230 West Seventh Street, Hanford, CA 93230 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 112 268107 Visalia Branch 2301 South Mooney Boulevard, Visalia, CA 93277 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 113 268108 Dinuba Branch 345 East Tulare Street, Dinuba, CA 93618 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 116 268118 Santa Rosa Branch 2801 Fourth Street, Santa Rosa, CA 95405 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 117 268119 Napa Branch 3300 Jefferson Street, Napa, CA 94558 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 118 268120 Sebastopol Branch 100 South Main Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 123 268125 North Beach Branch 480 Columbus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94133 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 125 268127 Portola Branch 2675 San Bruno Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94134 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 126 268128 Serramonte Branch 321 Gellert Blvd, Daly City, CA 94015 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 129 268131 Clement Street Branch 801 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94118 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 130 268132 Lakeside Branch 2606 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132 January 01, 1926 Full Service Brick and Mortar 135 200898 Mckee-White Branch 3081 Mckee Road, San Jose, CA 95127 April 19, 1991 Full Service Brick and Mortar 138 286923 Larkspur Branch 494 Magnolia Blvd, Larkspur, CA 94939 June 30, 1985 Full Service Brick and Mortar 147 265932 Calistoga Branch 1317 Lincoln Avenue, Calistoga, CA 94515 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 149 265937 St. Helena Branch 1451 Main Street, St. Helena, CA 94574 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 151 265954 Lodi Branch 229 South Church Street, Lodi, CA 95240 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 154 265974 Citrus Heights Branch 7381 Greenback Lane, Citrus Heights, CA 95621 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 157 265991 Sonoma Branch 201 West Napa Street, Sonoma, CA 95476 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 160 266000 Brentwood Branch 4540 Balfour Road, Brentwood, CA 94513 January 01, 1921 Full Service Brick and Mortar 162 44317 Petaluma Main Branch 20 Petaluma Boulevard South, Petaluma, CA 94952 May 10, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 163 285081 Healdsburg Branch 450 Center Street, Healdsburg, CA 95448 May 10, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 164 285082 Rohnert Park Branch 6301 State Farm Drive, Rohnert Park, CA 94928 May 10, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 165 285083 Forestville Branch 6661 Front Street, Forestville, CA 95436 May 10, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 166 285084 Petaluma Plaza Branch 311 North Mcdowell Boulevard, Petaluma, CA 94954 May 10, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 170 200900 Concord Branch 1969 Diamond Boulevard, Concord, CA 94520 Febuary 14, 1997 Full Service Brick and Mortar 171 200901 Danville Branch 307 Diablo Road, Danville, CA 94526 April 28, 1997 Full Service Brick and Mortar 172 284993 Pebble Beach Branch 17 Mile Drive At Cypress, Pebble Beach, CA 93953 May 05, 1965 Full Service Brick and Mortar 173 200902 Berkeley Branch 1480 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94709 October 06, 1997 Full Service Brick and Mortar 175 197605 Clearlake Branch 15050 Olympic Drive, Clearlake, CA 95422 September 17, 1962 Full Service Brick and Mortar 219 200907 San Mateo Branch 195 East 4th Avenue, San Mateo, CA 94401 May 10, 1999 Full Service Brick and Mortar 220 200908 Coddingtown Branch 200 Coddingtown Mall, Santa Rosa, CA 95401 June 11, 1999 Full Service Brick and Mortar 222 256203 Tahoe City Branch 150 West Lake Boulevard, Tahoe City, CA 96145 July 31, 1982 Full Service Brick and Mortar 224 256209 Truckee Gateway Branch 11202 Donner Pass Road, Truckee, CA 96161 Febuary 14, 1983 Full Service Brick and Mortar 225 256210 Kings Beach Branch 200 Bear Street, Kings Beach, CA 96143 October 16, 1989 Full Service Brick and Mortar 226 256211 Grass Valley Branch 460 Brunswick Road, Grass Valley, CA 95945 January 22, 1991 Full Service Brick and Mortar 227 256213 South Grass Valley Branch 736d Taylorville Road, Grass Valley, CA 95949 April 17, 1995 Full Service Brick and Mortar 228 256214 Auburn Branch 13422 Lincoln Way, Auburn, CA 95603 April 17, 1995 Full Service Brick and Mortar 229 256215 Arden Branch 1651 Response Road, Sacramento, CA 95815 July 17, 1995 Full Service Brick and Mortar 233 17204 Vacaville Main Branch 330 Davis Street, Vacaville, CA 95688 November 14, 1983 Full Service Brick and Mortar 235 257663 Benicia Branch 1001 First Street, Benicia, CA 94510 March 18, 1987 Full Service Brick and Mortar 236 246237 Vallejo Downtown Branch 303 Sacramento Street, Vallejo, CA 94590 March 22, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 237 257664 Park Place Branch 4300 Sonoma Boulevard Suite 300, Vallejo, CA 94589 August 14, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 238 257665 Oliver Road Branch 1300 Oliver Road,, Fairfield, CA 94533 September 07, 1993 Full Service Brick and Mortar 239 257666 Power Plaza Branch 1011 Helen Power Drive, Vacaville, CA 95687 May 02, 1994 Full Service Brick and Mortar 273 14207 L.A. Main Branch 915 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 100, Los Angeles, CA 90017 January 05, 1972 Full Service Brick and Mortar 274 12800 Culver City Branch 9735 Washington Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90232 November 25, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 275 246890 Redondo Beach Branch 3500 Aviation Boulevard, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 October 02, 1970 Full Service Brick and Mortar 277 251301 Oakland Main Branch 2127 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 July 01, 1975 Full Service Brick and Mortar 278 10715 Downey Branch 10230 South Paramount Boulevard, Downey, CA 90241 April 29, 1947 Full Service Brick and Mortar 279 238363 Bell Gardens Branch 7000 A Eastern Avenue, Bell Gardens, CA 90201 July 08, 1955 Full Service Brick and Mortar 280 238364 Santa Fe Springs Branch 11955 East Slauson Avenue, Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670 May 15, 1962 Full Service Brick and Mortar 281 238365 South Gate Branch 12135 South Garfield Avenue, South Gate, CA 90280 April 04, 1952 Full Service Brick and Mortar 282 238366 Pico Rivera Branch 9001 East Whittier Boulevard, Pico Rivera, CA 90660 July 18, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 283 12815 West Covina Branch 401 South Glendora Avenue, West Covina, CA 91790 December 13, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 284 238369 Baldwin Park Branch 14220 Ramona Boulevard, Baldwin Park, CA 91706 October 12, 1973 Full Service Brick and Mortar 285 238370 Anaheim Branch 619 South Brookhurst Avenue, Anaheim, CA 92804 May 03, 1974 Full Service Brick and Mortar 287 3842 Rosemead Branch 9000 East Valley Boulevard, Rosemead, CA 91770 January 01, 1929 Full Service Brick and Mortar 288 207940 South El Monte Branch 2041 Durfee Avenue, South El Monte, CA 91733 November 25, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 289 207941 South Pasadena Branch 1833 North Atlantic Boulevard, South Pasadena, CA 91030 August 04, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 290 251307 San Diego Branch 701 B Street, San Diego, CA 92101 January 21, 1982 Full Service Brick and Mortar 291 251308 Gardena Branch 1800 West Redondo Beach Boulevard, Gardena, CA 90247 July 18, 1984 Full Service Brick and Mortar 292 244993 Alhambra Branch 100 South Garfield Avenue, Alhambra, CA 91801 October 17, 1955 Full Service Brick and Mortar 293 244994 Ninth And Valley Branch 855 West Valley Boulevard, Alhambra, CA 91803 May 02, 1949 Full Service Brick and Mortar 294 244996 Arcadia Branch 1155 West Huntington Drive, Arcadia, CA 91006 October 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 295 244997 Westminster Branch 7751 Westminster Avenue, Westminster, CA 92683 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 296 244999 Bakersfield Branch 5201 California Avenue, Bakersfield, CA 93309 March 22, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 297 245001 Bellflower Branch 16824 South Bellflower Boulevard, Bellflower, CA 90706 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 298 245002 Castro Valley Branch 3396 Castro Valley Boulevard, Castro Valley, CA 94546 June 28, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 299 245003 City Of Commerce Branch 6055 East Washington Boulevard, City Of Commerce, CA 90040 June 05, 1964 Full Service Brick and Mortar 300 245004 Compton Branch 1701 North Long Beach Boulevard, Compton, CA 90221 June 12, 1959 Full Service Brick and Mortar 301 245005 Corcoran Branch 1045 Whitley Avenue, Corcoran, CA 93212 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 302 245006 Covina Branch 770 South Citrus Avenue, Covina, CA 91723 December 14, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 303 245007 Crockett Branch 891 Loring Avenue, Crockett, CA 94525 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 305 245009 Westlake Branch 239 Westlake Center, Daly City, CA 94015 March 05, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 307 245012 Paseo Padre Branch 39533 Paseo Padre Parkway, Fremont, CA 94538 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 308 245015 Garden Grove Branch 12976 Main Street, Garden Grove, CA 92840 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 309 245017 Lafayette Branch 3583 Mt. Diablo Boulevard, Lafayette, CA 94549 August 01, 1946 Full Service Brick and Mortar 310 245018 Lakewood Branch 5240 Clark Avenue, Lakewood, CA 90712 June 05, 1959 Full Service Brick and Mortar 311 245019 Long Beach City Place Branch 496 Long Beach Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90802 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 313 245021 Los Altos Branch 176 Main Street, Los Altos, CA 94022 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 314 245027 Woodland Hills Branch 19858 Ventura Boulevard, Woodland Hills, CA 91364 December 20, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 315 245028 Westwood Branch 10929 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90024 December 02, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 316 245032 Newman Branch 945 Fresno Street, Newman, CA 95360 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 317 245034 Montclair Branch 2023 Mountain Boulevard, Oakland, CA 94611 April 21, 1947 Full Service Brick and Mortar 318 245035 Temescal Branch 4900 Telegraph, Oakland, CA 94609 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 319 245037 Orosi Branch 12790 Avenue 416, Orosi, CA 93647 May 07, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 320 245039 Pasadena Main Branch 587 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91101 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 321 245041 Pasadena East Branch 2500 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91107 August 14, 1944 Full Service Brick and Mortar 322 245042 Patterson Branch 5 Plaza, Patterson, CA 95363 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 323 245043 Pinole Branch 777 Tennent Avenue, Pinole, CA 94564 August 14, 1944 Full Service Brick and Mortar 324 245045 Riverdale Branch 3494 Mt. Whitney Avenue, Riverdale, CA 93656 April 01, 1955 Full Service Brick and Mortar 325 245046 Country Club Branch 3509 El Camino Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95821 August 29, 1959 Full Service Brick and Mortar 326 245047 Sacramento Main Branch 500 Capital Mall, Suite 100, Sacramento, CA 95814 June 20, 1955 Full Service Brick and Mortar 327 245050 S.F. Mission Branch 2812 Mission Street, San Francisco, CA 94110 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 328 245053 Sanger Branch 1321 Jensen Avenue, Sanger, CA 93657 May 10, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 330 245055 San Marino Branch 2395 Huntington Drive, San Marino, CA 91108 April 05, 1952 Full Service Brick and Mortar 331 245058 Santa Ana Branch 103 East Memory Lane, Santa Ana, CA 92701 Febuary 02, 1953 Full Service Brick and Mortar 332 245059 Santa Barbara North Branch 3780 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 November 15, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 333 245060 Santa Barbara Main Branch 1036 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 334 245061 Sierra Madre Branch 100 West Sierra Madre Boulevard, Sierra Madre, CA 91024 April 09, 1956 Full Service Brick and Mortar 335 245062 Stanton Branch 11051 Beach Boulevard, Stanton, CA 90680 August 23, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 336 245063 Tehachapi Branch 758 Tucker Road, Tehachapi, CA 93561 December 01, 1954 Full Service Brick and Mortar 338 245065 Torrance Branch 23865 Hawthorne Boulevard, Torrance, CA 90505 October 04, 1957 Full Service Brick and Mortar 339 245066 Tustin Branch 701 East First Street, Tustin, CA 92780 November 02, 1959 Full Service Brick and Mortar 340 245067 Union City Branch 33301 Alvarado Niles Road, Union City, CA 94587 Febuary 27, 1961 Full Service Brick and Mortar 341 245069 Irvine Branch 18022 Culver Drive, Irvine, CA 92612 October 07, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 342 245070 South Coast Branch 3931 South Bristol Street, Santa Ana, CA 92704 October 07, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 343 245071 Fresno Branch 2035 Fresno Street, Fresno, CA 93721 October 07, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 344 245072 Shaw-West Branch 2110 West Shaw Avenue, Fresno, CA 93711 October 07, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 345 245073 Glendale Branch 400 North Glendale Avenue, Glendale, CA 91206 Febuary 03, 1967 Full Service Brick and Mortar 346 245075 Santa Monica Branch 407 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA 90401 December 08, 1967 Full Service Brick and Mortar 347 245077 Wilshire Square Branch 3347 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90010 March 22, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 348 245079 Beverly Hills Branch 9401 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills, CA 90212 December 02, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 349 245080 Huntington Beach Branch 6881 Warner Avenue, Huntington Beach, CA 92647 May 02, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 350 245082 La Mirada Branch 12709 Valley View Avenue, La Mirada, CA 90638 April 11, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 351 245083 South San Francisco Branch 2288 Westborough Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080 July 11, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 352 245084 La Habra Branch 1330 S. Beach Boulevard, Suite A, La Habra, CA 90631 August 08, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 353 245085 Fullerton Branch 3021 Yorba Linda Boulevard, Fullerton, CA 92831 September 19, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 354 245086 Cerritos Branch 17303 Carmenita Road, Cerritos, CA 90703 June 19, 1970 Full Service Brick and Mortar 357 245453 Hayward Southland Branch 24299 Southland Drive, Hayward, CA 94545 April 22, 1968 Full Service Brick and Mortar 358 245089 Chino Branch 12545 Central Avenue, Chino, CA 91710 August 22, 1977 Full Service Brick and Mortar 360 245091 1st And Herndon Branch 7062 North First Street, Fresno, CA 93720 August 14, 1978 Full Service Brick and Mortar 361 245093 Dublin Branch 7533 Dublin Boulevard, Dublin, CA 94568 October 22, 1979 Full Service Brick and Mortar 362 245094 Mission Viejo Branch 26941 Crown Valley Parkway, Mission Viejo, CA 92691 November 26, 1979 Full Service Brick and Mortar 363 245096 Newport Beach Branch 4400 Macarthur Boulevard, Newport Beach, CA 92660 December 15, 1980 Full Service Brick and Mortar 365 245098 Modesto Mchenry Branch 3600 Mchenry Avenue, Modesto, CA 95356 October 15, 1982 Full Service Brick and Mortar 367 251321 Anaheim Hills Branch 4501 East La Palma Avenue, Anaheim, CA 92807 April 10, 1989 Full Service Brick and Mortar 368 251322 Monterey Park Branch 331 North Atlantic Boulevard, Monterey Park, CA 91754 April 02, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 369 251323 Rancho Cucamonga Branch 8311 Haven Avenue, Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730 August 13, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 370 251324 Sherman Oaks Branch 15165 Ventura Boulevard, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403 May 07, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 373 286610 Northridge Branch 16900 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA 91343 January 01, 1979 Full Service Brick and Mortar 374 251329 Rowland Heights Branch 19005 East Colima Road, Rowland Heights, CA 91748 April 13, 1995 Full Service Brick and Mortar 376 251331 One Front Street Branch One Front Street, San Francisco, CA 94111 January 14, 1991 Full Service Brick and Mortar 378 251333 San Clemente Branch 641 Camino De Los Mares, San Clemente, CA 92673 October 14, 1997 Full Service Brick and Mortar 379 251334 Thousand Oaks Branch 180 North Moorpark Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 March 23, 1998 Full Service Brick and Mortar 380 291944 Central Irvine Branch 14477 Culver Drive, Irvine, CA 92604 Febuary 01, 2000 Full Service Brick and Mortar 381 359388 Foothill Ranch Branch 26696 Portola Parkway, Unit C, Foothill Ranch, CA 92610 October 30, 2000 Full Service Retail 382 359537 San Ramon Branch 140 Sunset Drive, San Ramon, CA 94583 March 13, 2001 Full Service Brick and Mortar 383 12682 L.A. Bunker Hill Branch 300 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90071 July 08, 1963 Full Service Brick and Mortar 384 246554 South Huntington Beach Branch 19006 Brookhurst Street, Huntington Beach, CA 92646 May 19, 1973 Full Service Brick and Mortar 385 246556 Montgomery Street Branch 505 Montgomery Street, San Francisco, CA 94111 May 12, 1978 Full Service Brick and Mortar 387 251707 Temple City Branch 9934 East Las Tunas Drive, Temple City, CA 91780 Febuary 01, 1978 Full Service Brick and Mortar 389 246559 Little Tokyo Branch 123 Onizuka Street, Suite 101, Los Angeles, CA 90012 April 28, 1986 Full Service Brick and Mortar 390 246560 South Bay Branch 19191 South Vermont Avenue, Torrance, CA 90502 July 01, 1988 Full Service Brick and Mortar 391 246562 Encino Branch 16027 Ventura Boulevard, Encino, CA 91436 December 10, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 396 365568 Porter Ranch Branch 19953 Rinaldi Street, Northridge, CA 91326 September 16, 2002 Full Service Brick and Mortar 397 365569 Valencia Branch 27011 Mcbean Parkway,suite 101, Valencia, CA 91355 September 16, 2002 Full Service Brick and Mortar 399 418690 Ventura Branch 1794 South Victoria Avenue, # A, Ventura, CA 93003 December 02, 2002 Full Service Brick and Mortar 400 419929 Oxnard Branch 371 West Esplanade Drive, Oxnard, CA 93036 April 07, 2003 Full Service Brick and Mortar 403 425123 Fruitvale Station Branch 3062 East 9th Street, Oakland, CA 94601 December 15, 2003 Full Service Brick and Mortar 404 425124 Roseville Branch 1112 Galleria Boulevard, Suite 170, Roseville, CA 95678 January 27, 2004 Full Service Brick and Mortar 434 16966 Casa De Oro Branch 9832 Campo Road, Spring Valley, CA 91977 March 07, 1983 Full Service Brick and Mortar 436 255346 Grossmont Center Branch 8690 Center Drive, La Mesa, CA 91942 May 23, 1983 Full Service Brick and Mortar 437 257312 El Cajon Branch 1234 East Main Street, El Cajon, CA 92021 November 01, 1994 Full Service Brick and Mortar 438 257313 Santee Branch 8867 Cuyamaca Street, Santee, CA 92071 March 17, 1997 Full Service Brick and Mortar 574 218563 Lockeford Branch 13299 East Highway 88, Lockeford, CA 95237 January 01, 1907 Full Service Brick and Mortar 575 218564 Stockton Main Branch 540 N El Dorado Street, Stockton, CA 95202 April 28, 1969 Full Service Brick and Mortar 576 218565 Pershing Branch 5555 North Pershing Avenue, Stockton, CA 95207 June 01, 1976 Full Service Brick and Mortar 577 218566 Hammer Branch 1440 East Hammer Lane, Stockton, CA 95210 April 27, 1981 Full Service Brick and Mortar 578 12225 Modesto Main Branch 901 H Street, Modesto, CA 95354 November 14, 1960 Full Service Brick and Mortar 580 244753 Ripon Branch 411 West Main Street, Ripon, CA 95366 April 18, 1966 Full Service Brick and Mortar 581 218569 Brookside Branch 3255 West March Lane, Suite 100, Stockton, CA 95219 July 31, 1991 Full Service Brick and Mortar 582 16673 Wilson Way 560 N Wilson Way, Stockton, CA 95205 July 01, 1982 Full Service Brick and Mortar 583 256774 North Stockton Branch 7810 Thornton Road, Stockton, CA 95207 January 09, 1984 Full Service Brick and Mortar 584 218571 Eastridge Branch 1401 Oakdale Road, Modesto, CA 95355 March 09, 1992 Full Service Brick and Mortar 585 15627 Ceres Branch 2501 East Whitmore Avenue, Ceres, CA 95307 March 09, 1977 Full Service Brick and Mortar 587 254576 Oakdale Branch 134 Maag Avenue, Oakdale, CA 95361 July 09, 1990 Full Service Brick and Mortar 589 218581 Tracy Branch 810 West Schulte Road, Tracy, CA 95376 July 13, 1999 Full Service Brick and Mortar 590 360027 Turlock Branch 2101 Fulkerth Road, Turlock, CA 95380 May 16, 2001 Full Service Brick and Mortar 591 362799 Pelandale Branch 3801 Pelandale Avenue, Suite C, Modesto, CA 95356 January 14, 2002 Full Service Brick and Mortar 593 419375 Weston Ranch Branch 520 Carolyn Weston Blvd., Ste. D, Stockton, CA 95206 August 12, 2002 Full Service Brick and Mortar 835 462255 El Dorado Hills 2211 Francisco Drive #100, El Dorado Hills, CA 95762 April 02, 2007 Full Service Brick and Mortar 836 462786 Manteca Branch 150 Commerce Avenue, Manteca, CA 95336 April 30, 2007 Full Service Brick and Mortar 841 466645 Lone Tree Landing Branch 5009 Lone Tree Way Ste D, Antioch, CA 94531 June 18, 2007 Full Service Brick and Mortar 843 468551 Cbo Pasadena Branch 911 E. Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91106 July 27, 2007 Limited Service Administrative 845 469759 Elk Grove Branch 8426 Elk Grove Florin Road, Elk Grove, CA 95624 December 10, 2007 Full Service Brick and Mortar 848 480617 Carmichael Branch 4001 Manzanita Avenue, Carmichael, CA 95608 January 28, 2008 Full Service Brick and Mortar 849 506052 Monterey - Del Monte 1050 Del Monte Circle, Monterey, CA 93940 January 16, 2010 Full Service Brick and Mortar 850 506053 Santa Cruz Branch 1551 Pacific Avenue, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 January 26, 2010 Full Service Brick and Mortar 856 510850 Folsom Branch 1000 East Bidwell Street, Folsom, CA 95630 August 03, 2009 Full Service Brick and Mortar 857 521788 Bishop Ranch 7 Branch 2527 Camino Ramon, San Ramon, CA 94583 October 25, 2010 Full Service Brick and Mortar 858 522057 Napa Main Street Branch 700 Main Street, Napa, CA 94559 August 01, 2011 Full Service Brick and Mortar

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Bank of the West in city_name, state_name - Detailed ...

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Posted By simmons on July 18, 2015

Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a persons social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics. Racial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain segregated and apart from one another.

Racism has existed throughout human history. It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another -- or the belief that another person is less than human -- because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. It has influenced wars, slavery, the formation of nations, and legal codes.

During the past 500-1000 years, racism on the part of Western powers toward non-Westerners has had a far more significant impact on history than any other form of racism (such as racism among Western groups or among Easterners, such as Asians, Africans, and others). The most notorious example of racism by the West has been slavery, particularly the enslavement of Africans in the New World (slavery itself dates back thousands of years). This enslavement was accomplished because of the racist belief that Black Africans were less fully human than white Europeans and their descendants.

This belief was not "automatic": that is, Africans were not originally considered inferior. When Portuguese sailors first explored Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries, they came upon empires and cities as advanced as their own, and they considered Africans to be serious rivals. Over time, though, as African civilizations failed to match the technological advances of Europe, and the major European powers began to plunder the continent and forcibly remove its inhabitants to work as slave laborers in new colonies across the Atlantic, Africans came to be seen as a deficient "species," as "savages." To an important extent, this view was necessary to justify the slave trade at a time when Western culture had begun to promote individual rights and human equality. The willingness of some Africans to sell other Africans to European slave traders also led to claims of savagery, based on the false belief that the "dark people" were all kinsmen, all part of one society - as opposed to many different, sometimes warring nations.

One important feature of racism, especially toward Blacks and immigrant groups, is clear in attitudes regarding slaves and slavery. Jews are usually seen by anti-Semites as subhuman but also superhuman: devilishly cunning, skilled, and powerful. Blacks and others are seen by racists as merely subhuman, more like beasts than men. If the focus of anti-Semitism is evil, the focus of racism is inferiority -- directed toward those who have sometimes been considered to lack even the ability to be evil (though in the 20th century, especially, victims of racism are often considered morally degraded).

In the second half of the 19th century, Darwinism, the decline of Christian belief, and growing immigration were all perceived by many white Westerners as a threat to their cultural control. European and, to a lesser degree, American scientists and philosophers devised a false racial "science" to "prove" the supremacy of non-Jewish whites. While the Nazi annihilation of Jews discredited most of these supposedly scientific efforts to elevate one race over another, small numbers of scientists and social scientists have continued throughout the 20th century to argue the inborn shortcomings of certain races, especially Blacks. At the same time, some public figures in the American Black community have championed the supremacy of their own race and the inferiority of whites - using nearly the identical language of white racists.

All of these arguments are based on a false understanding of race; in fact, contemporary scientists are not agreed on whether race is a valid way to classify people. What may seem to be significant "racial" differences to some people - skin color, hair, facial shape - are not of much scientific significance. In fact, genetic differences within a so-called race may be greater than those between races. One philosopher writes: "There are few genetic characteristics to be found in the population of England that are not found in similar proportions in Zaire or in China.those differences that most deeply affect us in our dealings with each other are not to any significant degree biologically determined."

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What is Racism? - Anti-Defamation League

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