Jewish American Heritage Month

Posted By admin on July 9, 2015

JERUSALEM/CAIRO - Militants in Egypt's Sinai peninsula fired rockets into southern Israel on Friday in an incident that caused no casualties but appeared to be linked to fighting between Islamist insurgents and Egyptian security forces.

CAIRO - A civilian was killed on Friday during a protest rally in Cairo in support of Egypt's former president Mohamed Mursi, security sources said, on the second anniversary of the army's overthrow of the Islamist leader.

JERUSALEM - An Israeli general has accused members of Hamas in Gaza of providing support to militants linked to Islamic State in Egypt's Sinai peninsula, where the Egyptian army has fought deadly battles with Islamist insurgents in recent days.

JERUSALEM - Militants in Egypt's Sinai peninsula fired a rocket into southern Israel on Friday in an incident that appeared linked to fighting between Islamist insurgents and Egyptian security forces, an Israeli military source said.

JERUSALEM - Militants in Egypt's Sinai peninsula fired a rocket into southern Israel on Friday, causing no casualties, an Israeli military source said, confirming earlier media reports.

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Posted By admin on July 9, 2015

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April Fool's Day Business Humor

For years BMW has run print ads (mostly in Europe) announcing special features not found in other cars. How many were duped is anyone's guess. But you have to love a car maker that can poke fun at itself and its drivers -- and still keep its brand in tact. Read more...

Many countries adopt causes or a special interest group to promote during a calendar month. The United States is particularly prolific at creating "national month" events to promote business interests.

April is one of the few months that does not contain a long list of ridiculous observations ("July is Lasagna Awareness Month.")

The following events are observed calendar month-long (unless otherwise indicated):

Is there a way your business can benefit by promoting itself during "April is" national month?

Other National Months:

January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December

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Posted By richards on July 8, 2015

Alternative title: Ashkenazim

Ashkenazi,plural Ashkenazim, from Hebrew Ashkenaz (Germany), member of the Jews who lived in the Rhineland valley and in neighbouring France before their migration eastward to Slavic lands (e.g., Poland, Lithuania, Russia) after the Crusades (11th13th century) and their descendants. After the 17th-century persecutions in eastern Europe, large numbers of these Jews resettled in western Europe, where they assimilated, as they had done in eastern Europe, with other Jewish communities. In time, all Jews who had adopted the German rite synagogue ritual were referred to as Ashkenazim to distinguish them from Sephardic (Spanish rite) Jews. Ashkenazim differ from Sephardim in their pronunciation of Hebrew, in cultural traditions, in synagogue cantillation (chanting), in their widespread use of Yiddish (until the 20th century), and especially in synagogue liturgy.

Today Ashkenazim constitute more than 80 percent of all the Jews in the world, vastly outnumbering Sephardic Jews. In the late 20th century, Ashkenazic Jews numbered more than 11 million. In Israel the numbers of Ashkenazim and Sephardim are roughly equal, and the chief rabbinate has both an Ashkenazic and a Sephardic chief rabbi on equal footing. All Reform and Conservative Jewish congregations belong to the Ashkenazic tradition. Compare Sephardi.

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Posted By simmons on July 8, 2015

The end of the Middle Ages brought little change in Jews position in Europe, and the Catholic Reformation renewed anti-Jewish legislation and reinforced the system of ghettoized segregation in Roman Catholic countries. Jews remained subject to occasional massacres, such as those that occurred during wars between Eastern Orthodox Ukrainians and Roman Catholic Poles in the mid-17th century, which rivaled the worst massacres of Jews in the Middle Ages. Periodic persecutions of Jews in western Europe continued until the late 18th century, when the Enlightenment changed their position, at least in the West. It did not necessarily reduce anti-Semitism. Although the major Enlightenment figures championed the light of reason in debunking what they regarded as the superstitions of Christian belief, their thinking did not lead to any greater acceptance of Jews. Instead of holding Jews responsible for the Crucifixion, Enlightenment thinkers blamed them for the advent of Christianity and for the injustices and cruelty committed by followers of monotheistic religions. Some of the most prominent, including Denis Diderot and Voltaire, pilloried the Jews as a group alienated from society who practiced a primitive and superstitious religion.

Until the French Revolution of 1789, the status of Jews in Europe remained tenuous. Treated as outsiders, they had few civil rights. They were taxed as a community, not as individuals. Exclusion from the larger society reinforced their religious identity and strengthened their communal institutions, which served judicial and quasi-governmental functions. In the French Revolution, with its promise of liberty, equality, and fraternity, the rights of citizenship were extended to Jews. Still, respect and rights were conditioned on the willingness of Jews to abandon their age-old customs and their communal identity. This was the meaning of the slogan To the Jews as individuals everything, to the Jews as a people, nothing.

France was the vanguard of the movement that gave civic and legal equality to the Jews. Napoleons conquest of the German states led to emancipation in some of them, but after his defeat, Jews faced a series of legal setbacks. Full emancipation of Jews throughout Germany came only with the unification of Germany in 1871.

Even in France itself, emancipation did not end anti-Semitism but merely transformed it. With the emergence of nationalism as the defining factor in European society in the 19th century, anti-Semitism acquired a racial rather than a religious character as ethnically homogeneous peoples decried the existence in their midst of alien Jewish elements. Pseudoscientific theories asserting that the Jews were inferior to the so-called Aryan race gave anti-Semitism new respectability and popular support, especially in countries where Jews could be made scapegoats for existing social or political grievances. In this new climate, anti-Semitism became a powerful political tool, as politicians were quick to discover. In the 1890s Karl Lueger won the mayoralty of Viennaa city of diverse culture and many Jewswith his anti-Semitic campaigns. In both Germany and Austria in the late 19th century, anti-Semitism became an organized movement with its own political parties.

The Russian Empire had restricted Jews to western regions known as the Pale of Settlement ever since the partitions of Poland (in the 1790s) had brought large numbers of Jews under Russian rule. The empires May Laws of 1882, enacted after widespread anti-Jewish riots, or pogroms, had broken out in the Russian Pale the previous year, stripped Jews of their rural landholdings and restricted them to the towns and cities within the Pale. These measures, which crippled many Jews activities as rural traders and artisans, spurred the immigration of more than a million Jews to the United States over the next four decades. Another result was a somewhat smaller immigration of Jews to the countries of western Europe, where anti-Semitic agitators exploited xenophobic sentiments against them.

anti-Semitic caricature United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumIn France the Dreyfus Affair became a focal point for anti-Semitism. In 1894 Alfred Dreyfus, a highly placed Jewish army officer, was falsely accused of treason. His final vindication (in 1906) was hampered by the French military and the bitterly anti-Semitic French press, and the wrenching controversy over the case left lasting scars on French political life.

During the first decade of the 20th century, there was a period of moderate decline in anti-Semitic tensionsexcept in Russia, where serious pogroms occurred in Kishinyov (now Chiinu, Moldova) in 1903 and 1905 and where the Russian secret police published a forgery entitled Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, which, as the supposed blueprint for a Jewish plot to achieve world domination, furnished propaganda for subsequent generations of anti-Semitic agitators.

The widespread economic and political dislocations caused by World War I notably intensified anti-Semitism in Europe after the war. In addition, the many Jewish Bolshevik leaders in the Russian Revolution of November 1917 gave anti-Semites a new focus for their prejudices in the threat of Jewish Bolshevism. In postwar Germany, anti-Semites joined forces with revanchist nationalists in attempting to blame the Jews for that countrys defeat. In eastern Europe, anti-Semitism became widespread in Poland, Hungary, and Romania in the interwar period.

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Posted By simmons on July 8, 2015

Gaza,Arabic Ghazzah, Hebrew Azza, GazaOneArmedMancity and principal urban centre of the Gaza Strip, southwestern Palestine. Formerly the administrative headquarters for the Israeli military forces that occupied the Gaza Strip, the city came under Palestinian control in 2005.

Records exist indicating continuous habitation at the site for more than three millennia, the earliest being a reference by Pharaoh Thutmose III (18th dynasty; 15th century bc). It is also mentioned in the Tell el-Amarna tablets, the diplomatic and administrative records of ancient Egypt. After 300 years of Egyptian occupation, the Peleset (Philistines), one of the Sea Peoples, settled the city and surrounding area. Gaza became an important centre of the Philistine Pentapolis (league of five cities). There the biblical hero Samson perished while toppling the temple of the god Dagon. Because of its strategic position on the Via Maris, the ancient coastal road linking Egypt with Palestine and the lands beyond, Gaza experienced little peace in antiquity; it fell, successively, to the Israelite king David and to the Assyrians, Egyptians, Babylonians, and Persians. Alexander the Great met stiff resistance there, and, after conquering it, he sold its inhabitants into slavery. Throughout its history it was a prosperous trade centre. In Hellenistic and Roman times the harbour, about 3 miles (5 km) from the city proper, was called Neapolis (Greek: New City).

In ad 635 the Arabs took Gaza, and it became a Muslim city. Gaza has long been an important centre of Islamic tradition and is the reputed site of the burial place of Hshim ibn Abd Manf, great-grandfather of the Prophet Muammad, and the birthplace of al-Shfi (767820), founder of the Shfiite school of Muslim legal interpretation. The city declined during the Crusades and never regained its former importance. After the sultan Saladin (al al-Dn) defeated the Crusaders occupying the region at the Battle of an (1187), Gaza reverted to Muslim control; it passed to the Ottoman Turks in the 16th century. In World War I it was stoutly defended by the Turks and was not taken by British forces until November 1917.

After the war Gaza became part of mandated Palestine, and a small coastal port (fishing, lighterage) was operated on the coast. When the Palestine partition plan was promulgated by the United Nations (1947), Gaza was assigned to what was to be an Arab state. That state, however, was not set up, and Gaza was occupied in 1948 by Egyptians. At the time of the signing of the Israeli-Egyptian armistice (February 1949), Egypt held Gaza and its environs, a situation that resulted in the creation of the Gaza Strip. (See Arab-Israeli wars.) Egypt did not annex the city and territory but administered it through a military governor. Gaza and its surroundings have continued to be greatly overpopulated by Palestinian Arab refugees.

During the Sinai campaign of November 1956, Gaza and its environs were taken by Israeli troops, but international pressure soon forced Israel to withdraw. Reoccupied by Israel in the Six-Day War (June 1967), the city remained under Israeli military administration until 1994, when a phased transfer of governmental authority to the Palestinians got under way. In 2005 Israel completed its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, handing over control of the region to the Palestinians.

Long a prosperous citrus centre, Gaza also has extensive truck farms within the city limits. Dark pottery, food products, and finished textiles are manufactured; the city has a long-standing textile industry. Sites of interest include at the harbour an early Byzantine mosaic floor (6th century ad), evidently of a synagogue, showing King David playing the harp and dressed as the Greek hero Orpheus. Pop. (2005 est.) 479,400.

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Posted By admin on July 8, 2015

Farms in the Golan Heights

Arabic names are Jawln[22] and Djolan (Arabic: ).[23] In the Bible Golan is mentioned as a city of refuge located in Bashan: Deuteronomy 4:43, Joshua 20:8, 1Chronicles 6:71.[24] Nineteenth-century authors interpreted the word "Golan" (Hebrew: ) as meaning "something surrounded, hence a district".[25][26] The Greek name for the region is Gaulanitis (Greek: ).[22] In the Mishna the name is Gabln similar to Aramaic language names for the region: Gawlna, Guwlana and Gubln.[22]

Arab cartographers of the Byzantine period referred to the area as jabal (mountain), though the region is a plateau.[27] The Muslims took over in 7th century CE.[22] The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia refers to the region as Gaulonitis.[28] The name Golan Heights was not used before the 19th century.[24]

The Golan Heights borders Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan. According to Israel, it has captured 1,150 square kilometres (440sqmi). [29] According to Syria the Golan Heights measures 1,860 square kilometres (718sqmi), of which 1,500km2 (580sqmi) are occupied by Israel.[30] According to the CIA, Israel holds 1,300 square kilometres (500sqmi)[21]

The area is hilly and elevated, overlooking the Sea of Galilee, Jordan River and 2,743.2 metres (9,000ft) tall Mount Hermon.[31] The plateau has an average altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300ft) and an area totaling 1,800 square kilometres (690sqmi), and straddles the boundary between Syria and Israeli-held territory. Elevations range from 2,814 metres (9,232ft) in the north at Mount Hermon, to below sea level along the Sea of Galilee and the Yarmuk River in the south.[21] The plateau that Israel controls is part of a larger area of volcanic basalt fields stretching north and east that were created in the series of volcanic eruptions that began recently in geological terms, almost 4 million years ago, and continue to this day. It has distinct geographic boundaries. On the north, the Sa'ar valley (Banias) generally divides the lighter-colored limestone bedrock of the mountains from the dark-colored volcanic rocks of the Golan plateau. The western border of the plateau is truncated structurally by the Jordan Rift Valley, which falls down steeply into the lake. The southern border is lined by the Yarmuk River, which separates the plateau from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Finally, the east end of Golan Heights is carved out by the Raqqad river (Wadi Ruqqad) and areas still controlled by Syria.[32]

Panorama showing The upper Golan Heights and Mt. Hermon with the Hula Valley to the left

The plateau's north-south length is approximately 65 kilometres (40mi) and its east-west width varies from 12 kilometres (7.5mi) to 25 kilometres (16mi).[33][34]Topographically, the Golan Heights ranges in elevation from 2,814 metres (9,232ft) on Mount Hermon in the north, to about 400 metres (1,300ft) elevation along the Yarmuk River in the south. Lake Kinneret (also known as Sea of Galilee, Lake Tiberias) at the southwest corner of the plateau is 200 metres (660ft) below sea level. The steeper, more rugged topography is generally limited to the northern half, including Mount Hermon foothills; on the south the plateau is more level.[33]

The broader Golan plateau exhibits a more subdued topography, generally ranging between 120 metres (390ft) and 520 metres (1,710ft) in elevation. In Israel, the Golan plateau is divided into three regions: northern (between the Sa'ar and Jilabun valleys), central (between the Jilabun and Daliyot valleys), and southern (between the Dlayot and Yarmouk valleys). The Golan Heights is bordered on the west by a rock escarpment that drops 500 metres (1,600ft) to the Jordan River valley and the Sea of Galilee. In the south, the incised Yarmouk River valley marks the limits of the plateau and, east of the abandoned railroad bridge upstream of Hamat Gader and Al Hammah, it marks the recognised international border between Syria and Jordan.[35]

Geologically, the Golan plateau and the Hauran plain to the east constitute a Holocene volcanic field that also extends northeast almost to Damascus. Much of the area is scattered with dormant volcanos, as well as cinder cones, such as Majdal Shams. The plateau also contains a crater lake, called Birkat Ram ("Ram Pool"), which is fed by both surface runoff and underground springs. These volcanic areas are characterised by basalt bedrock and dark soils derived from its weathering. The basalt flows overlie older, distinctly lighter-colored limestones and marls, exposed along the Yarmouk River in the south.

The rock forming the mountainous area in the northern Golan Heights, descending from Mount Hermon, differs geologically from the volcanic rocks of the plateau and has a different physiography. The mountains are characterised by lighter-colored, Jurassic-age limestone of sedimentary origin. Locally, the limestone is broken by faults and solution channels to form a karst-like topography in which springs are common.

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Posted By admin on July 3, 2015

Hamas Covenant 1988

In The Name Of The Most Merciful Allah

"Ye are the best nation that hath been raised up unto mankind: ye command that which is just, and ye forbid that which is unjust, and ye believe in Allah. And if they who have received the scriptures had believed, it had surely been the better for them: there are believers among them, but the greater part of them are transgressors. They shall not hurt you, unless with a slight hurt; and if they fight against you, they shall turn their backs to you, and they shall not be helped. They are smitten with vileness wheresoever they are found; unless they obtain security by entering into a treaty with Allah, and a treaty with men; and they draw on themselves indignation from Allah, and they are afflicted with poverty. This they suffer, because they disbelieved the signs of Allah, and slew the prophets unjustly; this, because they were rebellious, and transgressed." (Al-Imran - verses 109-111).

Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam will obliterate it, just as it obliterated others before it" (The Martyr, Imam Hassan al-Banna, of blessed memory).

"The Islamic world is on fire. Each of us should pour some water, no matter how little, to extinguish whatever one can without waiting for the others." (Sheikh Amjad al-Zahawi, of blessed memory).

In The Name Of The Most Merciful Allah

Introduction Praise be unto Allah, to whom we resort for help, and whose forgiveness, guidance and support we seek; Allah bless the Prophet and grant him salvation, his companions and supporters, and to those who carried out his message and adopted his laws - everlasting prayers and salvation as long as the earth and heaven will last. Hereafter:

O People: Out of the midst of troubles and the sea of suffering, out of the palpitations of faithful hearts and cleansed arms; out of the sense of duty, and in response to Allah's command, the call has gone out rallying people together and making them follow the ways of Allah, leading them to have determined will in order to fulfill their role in life, to overcome all obstacles, and surmount the difficulties on the way. Constant preparation has continued and so has the readiness to sacrifice life and all that is precious for the sake of Allah.

Thus it was that the nucleus (of the movement) was formed and started to pave its way through the tempestuous sea of hopes and expectations, of wishes and yearnings, of troubles and obstacles, of pain and challenges, both inside and outside.

When the idea was ripe, the seed grew and the plant struck root in the soil of reality, away from passing emotions, and hateful haste. The Islamic Resistance Movement emerged to carry out its role through striving for the sake of its Creator, its arms intertwined with those of all the fighters for the liberation of Palestine. The spirits of its fighters meet with the spirits of all the fighters who have sacrificed their lives on the soil of Palestine, ever since it was conquered by the companions of the Prophet, Allah bless him and grant him salvation, and until this day.

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The Avalon Project : Hamas Covenant 1988

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Posted By admin on July 3, 2015

Un article de Wikipdia, l'encyclopdie libre.

Le Hamas (en arabe:, ferveur), acronyme partiel de harakat al-muqwama al-'islmiya (arabe: , Mouvement de rsistance islamique), est un mouvement islamiste constitu d'une branche politique et d'une branche arme, principalement actif Gaza. Cr en 1987 par Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi et Mohammed Taha, tous trois issus des Frres musulmans, sa charte[2] affirme que la terre de Palestine est une terre islamique. Il prne donc la destruction de l'tat d'Isral et l'instauration d'un tat islamique palestinien sur tout le territoire de l'ancienne Palestine mandataire, c'est--dire incluant l'tat d'Isral, la Cisjordanie la bande de Gaza) et la Jordanie.

Dans le cadre du conflit isralo-palestinien, le Hamas se dfinit lui-mme comme un mouvement trouvant ses principes dans le Coran et se battant au nom de l'islam. Les militants du Hamas, dont ceux des Brigades Izz al-Din al-Qassam, prennent pour cible aussi bien les militaires que les civils israliens. Entre avril 1993 et 2005, le Hamas a organis des attentats suicides visant essentiellement des civils. Le dernier attentat-suicide contre Isral revendiqu par le Hamas remonte ainsi janvier 2005[3]; il a dclar en avril 2006 renoncer ce type d'actions[4], prfrant alors tirer des roquettes de type Qassam et des missiles Grad sur des villes israliennes, dont Sdrot, Ashdod, Ashkelon et Beer Sheva.

Le Hamas est sur la liste officielle des organisations terroristes du Canada[5] et des tats-Unis[6]. Il est class terroriste par Isral[7], l'gypte[8] et le Japon[9], et est banni en Jordanie[10]. Pour la Grande-Bretagne[11] et l'Australie[12], seule la branche arme du Hamas est classe comme terroriste. D'autres pays du monde, notamment l'Afrique du Sud[13], la Russie[14], la Norvge[15], le Brsil[16] ne reprennent pas le Hamas sur la liste des organisations qu'ils considrent comme terroristes. En dcembre 2014, l'inscription du Hamas sur la liste des organisations terroristes de l'Union europenne a t annule par la justice[17], car le Tribunal a estim que cette inscription tait fonde non pas sur des faits examins et retenus dans des dcisions dautorits nationales comptentes, mais sur des imputations factuelles tires de la presse et dinternet. Cette annulation ne remet pas en question la qualification du groupe palestinien d'organisation terroriste sur le fond, a prcis la cour, qui condamne la manire dont il a t formellement inscrit sur la liste europenne en 2003[17]. L'Union Europenne fait appel de cette dcision en janvier 2015[18],[19] et maintient le Hamas sur la liste des organisations terroristes le 27 mars 2015[18]. Le 29 janvier 2015 la justice gyptienne a class la branche militaire du Hamas comme organisation terroriste laccusant de soutenir l'insurrection jihadiste dans le Sina[20]. En revanche, la Ligue arabe demande l'gypte d'annuler cette dcision[21].

Selon la biographie semi-officielle du Hamas, Truth and existence[22],[23], l'histoire du mouvement s'articule autour de quatre grandes tapes ou priodes:

De nombreux experts [rf.ncessaire] pensent que l'histoire du Hamas dbute seulement avec le tournant des annes 1980 lorsque son influence politique commence s'affirmer.

L'abrviation Hamas apparat pourtant pour la premire fois en 1987 dans un document accusant les services secrets israliens.

Le Hamas s'est form fin 1987, le mouvement est alors proche des Frres musulmans d'gypte[24]. Selon sa charte, le Mouvement de la Rsistance Islamique est l'une des ailes des Frres musulmans en Palestine[25].

Le Hamas se dveloppe diffremment en Cisjordanie, ne participant pas, notamment, la cration ou au contrle d'institutions publiques. Les Frres musulmans en Cisjordanie forment alors une partie importante du Mouvement islamique de Jordanie qui fut pendant quelques annes un alli du rgime hachmite. De plus, les Frres musulmans en Cisjordanie s'appuient sur une classe sociale plus leve (marchands, propritaires, employs). Jusqu'au milieu des annes 1980, les Frres musulmans prennent des positions essentielles dans les institutions religieuses de la Cisjordanie.

Selon certains analystes, les Frres musulmans palestiniens taient financs pendant les annes 1970 et 1980 directement et indirectement, au titre d'organisation caritative, par diffrents tats comme l'Arabie saoudite et la Syrie, financements qu'Isral a laiss faire car l'poque ils n'taient qu'un mouvement religieux sans actions militaires et ne pratiquant pas d'attentats terroristes contre Isral la diffrence de diverses branches de l'OLP. L'tat hbreu, par ailleurs, a officiellement reconnu ce bras politique et caritatif des Frres musulmans probablement au printemps 1978[26]. Les activits du groupe se dclinent autour de projets religieux et dans une intense action sociale et communautaire. Au milieu des annes 1980, les Frres musulmans palestiniens voluent sous l'influence d'Ahmed Yassine. Ce dernier prne l'action arme contre l'occupant hbreu. Il est emprisonn par l'tat isralien en 1989 pour meurtre et incitation la violence, puis relch au cours d'un change de prisonniers.

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Posted By simmons on July 3, 2015

LONDON A bitter row broke out at the end of a rally Friday in Golders Green, north London. Under the slogan Golders Green Together, the rally was called to demonstrate opposition to a proposed neo-Nazi gathering that had been planned for the neighborhood, which is nicknamed Londons Jewish heart. But the display of Israeli flags at the largely good-natured event proved divisive.

Earlier this week, Londons Metropolitan Police announced that it had relocated the neo-Nazi rally to a secure area in Richmond Terrace, Whitehall, where the demonstrators will be confined to a one-hour slot on Saturday before being made to disperse.

In preparation for the anticipated neo-Nazi invasion, however, mainstream Jewish opponents, including the umbrella organization the Board of Deputies of British Jews, the London Jewish Forum, and the pluralistic anti-fascist group HOPE Not Hate, had banded together in Golders Green to declare a Day of Action on Friday.

A variety of faith communities in the area had lent their support to the Day of Action, and organizers decided it would go ahead despite the relocation of the far-right action.

On Friday morning two women appeared at the event carrying a huge Israeli flag and proceeded to decorate parts of the Golders Green war memorial, where the rally was being held, in Israeli bunting and pennants.

Sharon Klaff (left) and Amber Shetreet, claimed to represent five grassroots organizations which monitor anti-Semitism, and sparked a quarrel at the Golders Green Together rally against neo-Nazis with their use of Israeli flags, on July 3, 2015. (Jenni Frazer/The Times of Israel)

The women, Sharon Klaff and Amber Shetreet, claimed to represent five grassroots organizations which monitor anti-Semitism. They denounced the Board of Deputies for what they called its kumbaya cooperation with HOPE Not Hate, which they insisted is virulently anti-Israel. (Gemma Levine, HOPE Not Hates deputy director, emphatically denied this claim.)

Although the women attempted to broadcast their ideas through a megaphone during the mornings event, for the most part the other participants, busy draping lamp posts and flower troughs in the Golders Green campaign colors of gold and green, did not interact with them.

But a furious Israeli businessman, Eyal Landau, was not ready to ignore them. Despite angry protests from Klaff and Shetreet, Landau accused them of disrespecting the Israeli flag.

People died for that flag, he proclaimed, as he went around the war memorial taking down the womens flags. You have no right to use this flag here, Landau told the women. You are doing great damage. This event is not about Israel, it is about anti-Semitism. Enough is enough.

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Posted By admin on July 2, 2015

Who is Leo Frank? Leo Frank, born April 17, 1884, was a Jewish-American businessman who was lynched by a party of prominent citizens in Marietta Georgia. The vicious and hateful treatment of Leo Frank and his subsequent lynching turned a spotlight on anti-Semitism and hateful acts based on religious beliefs in the United States. The lynching of Leo Frank ultimately led to the founding of the Anti-Defamation League. The Mary Phagan Murder: Mary Phagan was a young girl who worked in a mill that was operated by her family. Phagan left school at the age of 10 to assume a job at the mill. After working in the mill, Phagan took a job with the National Pencil Company, where ran machines that inserted rubber erasers into the pencils metal bands. Mary Phagan worked in the metal room, down the hall from Leo Franks office. Around noon on April 27th, the factorys security guard went to the factory basement to use the facilities where he discovered the dead body of Mary Phagan. Her body was savagely beatn, and a seven foot strip of wrapping cord was tied around the young girls neck. There were two notes found next to Phagans head. The notes, which were written in gibberish, were believed to a ploy to falsely accuse the black security guard who discovered the body. When the guard was interviewed on suspicion of leaving the note, the authorities realized that the man was not the murdered. With no murder suspect in hand, the suspicion gradually fell on Leo Frank. The authorities believed that Frank was the culprit because he had developed a flirtatious relationship with Phagan and was extremely nervous when questioned. The Leo Frank Trial: On July 28, 1913 the murder trial commenced in a Georgia courtroom. Leo Frank was represented by eight lawyers. The prosecutions predominant theory cited that Leo Frank was the murdered and the murder notes were dictated by Frank to an African-American janitor to effectively pin the crime on the man. The janitor, who was kept in custody and questioned by police, changed his story multiple times but finally claimed that Leo Frank promised him $200 dollars to write the notes. Leo Franks defense team brought numerous witnesses who affirmed Franks alibi, which ultimately did not leave enough time for Leo Frank to commit the murder. On August 25, Leo Frank was convicted of murder. Shocked by the verdict, Leo Frank appealed to the Georgia Supreme Court. The United States Supreme Court denied this appeal as a writ of habeas corpus sought by Franks lawyers. Months later, William Smith, the lawyer for the African American janitor announced that he believed that his client had murdered Phagan. A writ of error was issued, which allowed Leo Frank to appeal the U.S. Supreme Court to hear an appeal in April of 1915. On April 19, the appeal was denied on a 7-2 vote. Originally Leo Frank was sentenced to death, but after further review of the evidence the governor of Georgia commuted Franks sentence to life in prison. The Lynching of Leo Frank: A group of prominent men in Georgia organized themselves into a group called the Knight of Mary Phagan. The men recruited 25 to 28 other men, who possessed necessary skills, to effectively kidnap Leo Frank from prison in hopes of lynching him. On the afternoon of August 16, eight cars arrived at the prison shortly before midnight. The team executed an elaborate plan to remove Leo Frank from prison; when they got to Leo Frank they handcuffed him and tied his ankles together. They removed Leo Frank from jail and hung him from a tree that faced Mary Phagans home. Several hundreds of people viewed the lynching for they assumed Leo Frank was the murderer. Nearly seventy years later, in 1982, Alonzo Mann, who was Franks office boy, told the authorities that he had seen the janitor alone at the factory, carrying Phagans dead body. Comments

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