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Jewish doctors in the Warsaw Ghetto secretly documented the effects of Nazi-imposed starvation, and the knowledge is helping researchers today podcast The Conversation
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Leo Frank, in full Leo Max Frank, (born April 17, 1884, Cuero, Texas, U.S.died August 17, 1915, Marietta, Georgia), American factory superintendent whose conviction in 1913 for the murder of Mary Phagan resulted in his lynching. His trial and death shaped the nascent Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and spurred the first resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Frank was pardoned in 1986.
Frank was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and earned a B.S. from the College of Engineering at Cornell University in 1906. After an apprenticeship in Germany with the pencil manufacturer Eberhard Faber, Frank moved to Atlanta, Georgia, to work at the National Pencil Company, of which his uncle Moses Frank was part owner. On November 30, 1910, he married Lucille Seligwho was, like Frank, a Jew of German ancestry born in the United Statesand lived harmoniously with his wifes well-off family. In 1912 Frank was elected president of his local Bnai Brith chapter.
On April 26, 1913, at about noon, Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee of the National Pencil Company, went to the factory to collect her pay, which Frank gave to her. Soon after, she was sexually assaulted and brutally murdered. Newt Lee, a watchman, discovered her body in the factorys basement about 3:30 am and reported it to police. Frank was questioned and released that day. On April 29 he was arrested and charged with murder.
The investigation was fraught with controversy and included the torture of witnesses. Press coverage surrounding the trial and subsequent appealssensationalized in a manner new to Atlanta by William Randolph Hearst, by a populist firebrand turned white supremacist, Tom Watson, and by othersexacerbated existing social tensions that already threatened the integrity of the legal process. As a Northerner managing hundreds of teenage girls working long hours for paltry compensation, Frank elicited little sympathy.
The prosecution based its case against Frank on coached testimony of Jim Conley, an African American janitor at the National Pencil Company who many contend committed the crime. Conleys four affidavitseach new statement renouncing the lastdeveloped the elaborate and, by all accounts, improbable story of his participation in a crime he attributed to Frank. Most of the circumstantial evidence and character testimony favoured Frank, but prejudice and ignorance about Jews and blacks ultimately decided the trial. The prosecution acknowledged the good reputation of German Jews in Atlanta but successfully exploited misconceptions about circumcision and unfavourable testimony about Franks character from a few of his young female employees to paint him as a pervert. Paradoxically, racism helped Conley, who held to his story over three days of cross-examination by some of Georgias best lawyers. Dismissing Conleys lies as a function of his race and believing that any black person would be incapable of remembering such a complex story unless it were true, the jury found Frank guilty after roughly two hours of deliberation on August 25.
For two years, developments in the Frank case made headlines. Franks appeals, based on technicalities, were all denied; the U.S. Supreme Court voted 72 with the notable dissension of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. When Conleys lawyer, William Smith, publicly asserted Franks innocence, he was pilloried in local newspapers and effectively run out of Georgia. In June 1915, shortly before Franks scheduled execution, Gov. John Slaton commuted his sentence from death to life in prison. When the news broke the next morning, a mob sought Slaton at his home, prompting him to declare martial law. Later a fellow inmate cut Franks throat with a butchers knife; two other inmates who happened to be doctors rushed Frank to the prison hospital and participated in the surgery that narrowly saved his life.
While Watson openly called for violence in his weekly newspaper The Jeffersonian, a group of prominent Georgians, including elected officials and a former governor, furtively planned an elaborate lynching. Having secured unimpeded access to Frank with the passage of a prison-spending bill, the group abducted Frank, drove him about 150 miles (240 km) to Mary Phagans hometown of Marietta, and lynched him on August 17. Frank was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York. His lynching was one of 22 in Georgia in 1915.
Amid international condemnation, many Georgians celebrated. Stores sold postcards and artifacts of the lynching. The perpetrators enjoyed impunity, their names kept secret throughout their lives. In contrast to the abrupt end of Slatons ascendant career, prosecutor Hugh Dorsey won the next two gubernatorial elections, and Watson was later elected to the U.S. Senate. A group calling itself The Knights of Mary Phagan resurrected the KKK in 1915. Many Jews sold their businesses and fled Georgia, but the ADL, formed in 1913 in Chicago and early champions of Franks cause, thrived and eventually helped win Franks pardon.
In 1982 Alonzo Mann, Franks office boy, came forward with new evidence incriminating Conley. The ADL and others petitioned Georgia for a pardon based on that evidence. The petition was initially denied, but in 1986 Georgia pardoned Frank for failing to protect him while in custody, without addressing his guilt or innocence. With few exceptions, contemporary scholarship sustains claims of Franks innocence.
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The Abduction Site: Milledgeville Prison
On August 16, 1915, nearly two months after the June 21, 1915, commutation, Leo M. Frank was abducted from prison by a group of men from the State of Georgias highest social, legal, and political strata. They anointed themselves as the Knights of Mary Phagan. After droving Frank 175 miles to Cobb County at the edge of Marietta, they lynched him near an intersection at Sheriff William Freys Gin. A mature oak tree helped fulfill the most perfectly executed slow strangulation lynching of Leo M. Frank, just after the crisp dawn dew kissed a glorious rising sun on the horizon, bathing golden sunshine on Tuesday morning, August 17, 1915. This event would lead to the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan on Thanksgiving Midnight 1915 at Stone Mountain where they burned a cross. The Anti-Defamation League, whose leaders aggressively push their racist anti-Gentile agenda on the individual countries of Western Civilization, was galvanized by their patron martyrs lynching that fateful day.
The noose was the favorite murder apparatus of choice, utilized by vigilante lynch mobs against criminals, for picture-framing their terror, and as a result, the image of the noose hanging by itself became the ultimate warning symbol for not only deterring crime, but eliciting fear in law-abiding citizens to not step out of line.
Grotesque, Uncivilized, and Extrajudicial Justice: The History of Vigilante Lynching
Introduction to a Lynching Unlike Any Other Lynching in U.S. history, Fulfilled on August 17, 1915, 7:17 a.m. at Sheriff William J. Freys Gin in Marietta, Cobb County, Georgia
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Within the context of more than 4,000 extrajudicial lynchings occurring across the United States throughout its complex history, the average textbook lynch mob was typically formed at a moments notice by an agglomeration of local men, often whipped up into a fevered pitch of rage over an incident or behavior requiring widespread swift extinguishment. The vigilante mob usually formed to mete out justice over some kind of a violent crime, like robbery, rape, assault, or murder. If a Negro committed the crime, the punishment would sometimes be escalated to highest levels of savagery. Some of the incidents many Negroes were lynched for were not always violent, like a Negro whistling or flirting with a white girl or wild talking (jibber jabbering).
The typical lynch party as described above was unlike the highly irregular lynch party formed to deliver vigilante-style justice to Leo Frank.
One of the Highest Level Lynch Parties in Georgia History
The High-Level Elite Lynch Party (HELP) was a rare event in Southern history. HELP was carefully organized over a much longer time periods of weeks and months, instead of the typical lynch party whipped up at a moments notice. Participants of the Elite Lynch Party were prominent men with an intelligence factor one to two standard deviations above average, usually successful members and leaders in the greater community, from politicians, lawyers, judges, businessmen, and even an ex-governor, to skilled tradesmen, like expert electricians and mechanics. These skilled and educated men all played critical and specific roles in the commando-style Operation Leo Frank.HELP was highly motivated, unlike the idle lynch party spectators acting as cheerleaders and mob-rage fluffers.
The Knights of Mary Phagan and the Second Incarnation of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 1915
The High-Level Elite Lynching Party, who abducted Leo M. Frank in one of the most audacious prison breaks in U.S. history, anointed themselves as the Knights of Mary Phagan. The Elite Lynching Party formed because the outgoing Governor John Marshal Slaton broke his oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States of America and the Honor for the State of Georgia, commuting the sentence of his own law client Leo M. Frank from death to life in prison. The commutation was considered a gross conflict of interest by the elite of Georgian citizenry and the public at large because at the time of the Leo Frank clemency hearings, held during the Spring of 1915, Governor John M. Slaton, had prior been made a full senior legal partner and part owner of the law firm that had represented Leo M. Frank at his (July 28 to August 26, 1913) capital murder trial and many of his appeals (1913 to 1915). The firm was called Rosser, Brandon, Slaton and Phillips, and according to affidavits in the 1,800 page Georgia Supreme Court Case File on Leo Frank, Governor John M. Slaton had been associated with the bribery and criminal witness tampering against National Pencil Factory employees who had testified against Leo Frank. The Leo Frank Georgia Supreme Court Records were finally released to the public on April 26, 2013, at the Internet Archive.
The Law Firm of Luther Zeigler Rosser, Morris Brandon (Jewish), John Marshal Slaton, and Benjamin Phillips (Jewish) was merged and officially born July 13, 1913, becoming Rosser, Brandon, Slaton and Phillips.
Many people were of the opinion that because Governor John M. Slaton was a senior law partner and part owner of the law firm representing Leo Frank at his murder trial and appeals, that it disqualified Governor John M. Slaton from being able to render a clemency decision on the sentencing of Leo Frank after the trial. Moreover, what sent the population of Georgia into a fever pitch over the Leo Frank affair was that in the twenty-nine-page commutation order released to the public by John M. Slaton, where he stated he was not disturbing the verdict of the jury, but sustaining the trial judge, jury, and two years of appellate decisions by every level of the United States legal system. It was as if the governor was acknowledging Franks guilt and rebuked the false accusations of anti-Semitism, while saving the life of his client for a heinous crime of sexual violence and strangulation.
Most people interpreted Governor Slatons clemency decision, reading between the lines, that the governor was affirming Leo Franks guilt, as every appellate tribunal had done from 1913 to 1915, and later from 1982 to 1986, when the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles refused to disturb the verdict of the jury.
Meet Judge Lynch
The Lynch Party was known as Judge Lynch in early 20th and 19th century Southern parlance. Historically for conservatives, lynching was the unofficial wing within the system of checks and balances in a society that required swift justice for rapists. For progressives, lynching was the unlawful assembly of outraged local men coming into a critical mass for administering unlawful and extrajudicial vigilante justice, often at a moments notice and alcohol fueled, thus adding levels to the savagery of it.
The opinion of lynching has changed over the decades and generations of U.S. history. In the 17th through the early 20th century, lynching was considered more acceptable as a swift form of justice, where dissenters against lynching were more likely in the quiet minority.
Many people today in polite civilized society find it cruel and unusual punishment, while others still consider it to be the best form of retribution. Then, there is everyone else in between who takes a different perspective on it depending on the circumstances. However, the real and indisputable problem with lynching is that sometimes the wrong person was lynched.
The progressive visionary and prescient governor Hugh M. Dorsey used his political power and politesse to help put an end to this ancient and savage form of mob injustice, retiring Judge Lynch from his tree house bench. In modern times, except during times of revolution, lynching is very rare.
How would the 1915 lynching have been different had Leo Frank been a Negro instead of a white man?
Had Leo Frank been black instead of white, his bland, generic lynching might have been conducted differently and on a much crueler level.
The Lynching Reserved for Negroes
A very special kind of lynching was always reserved for the most heinous of black rapists vs. white ones. Lets pretend Leo Frank was African-American. For a hypothetical Negro Leo Frank rapist caught by a white lynch mob, first, he would have received a righteous Southern beating until temporary unconsciousness with some of the major bones broken or fractured. Once awakened again into consciousness with a rope around his neck, utilizing rusty farm tools, the Negro Leo Frank would have received genital amputation surgery with no anesthesia, instead of being allowed to keep his family jewels as a white man. It was a very messy process.
After the surgery below the belt, the hypothetical Negro Leo Frank, made into a eunuch, would be quickly lynched before he could bleed out. Not to be confused with hanging, the lynching means being strangled in midair with a noose hoisted over a tree branch. Before the suspended body of the hypothetical Negro Leo Frank could pass out from the blood loss and strangulation from the noose, he would have been riddled with bullets after a makeshift bonfire under him were set aflame. That was how Negro rapists of white women were dealt with one hundred years ago, and the remains of that terror were left behind as a powerful symbolic image for the Negro population to discover and explore mentally. From such a gruesome scene, shock waves reverberated long after the event and acted as the most powerful and effective deterrent for keeping interracial rape to a minimum. In modern times, there are more than 30,000 reported black on white interracial rapes, and with only a fraction of the victims reporting the incidents, the real numbers are in the six figures.
Leo Frank the White Man
Leo Frank being a prominent white man tended to ensure that he kept his genitals and also he did not have his body defiled with gunshots and a campfire. It also meant that after Leo was cleaned up and embalmed at P. J. Bloomfields in Atlanta on Tuesday morning, August 17, 1915, he could be appropriately shipped to Brooklyn without stinking up the transport cabins during the hot, sticky two-day train ride for a weeping Lucille Selig traveling from Atlanta up North to Pennsylvania Station, Manhattan. Together Leo and Lucille left terminal station in Atlanta, Georgia on August 17, 1915, to Penn Station in Manhattan, arriving on August 19, at 6:20 a.m., and meeting with the Frank family (New York Times, August, 1915).
The Cruel Missing Ingredient to Cruel Historical Lynching
Sodomy in its broad definition was a crime punishable by death back in early 20th century Georgia. Hypothetically only adding modern (20th and 21st century) prison gang rape, as an addition to the historical lynch mob process against the alleged rapists caught, as a stage before the genital amputation surgery, would have been crueler back in 1915.
The bottom line, lynching in all of its forms, for any reason, then or now, is absolutely savage and inhuman to the core of human existence. Today, the new form of lynching is the unlawful punishment meted out for convicted criminals in the United States, especially for rapists, which is often sexual assault, rape, and sodomy in prison. Today, however, more than 200,000 nonviolent convict inmates in the United States a year are sexually assaulted in prison (SPR.org, 2011). How are we a less savage society one hundred years after the lynching of Leo Max Frank?
Gang Rape for Rapists in 2013 vs. Lynching for Rapists in 1913
The deterrent against rape in modern times applies nearly exclusively to whites, not blacks or Hispanics. In most U.S. prisons that are overcrowded and overpopulated with gangs of the black and Hispanic variety, the result is that whites are significantly outnumbered and marginalized, even if they have their own gangs. Even white gangs and individual white gang members have less power in prisons than the more numerous black and Hispanic gangs that dwarf them in membership. Today, blacks or Hispanics who rape white women and are later caught and convicted are not necessarily raped in prison. Sometimes, they are taken in as heroes by the black and Hispanic gangs who often see their violent actions as the revolutionary trampling of white society and heritage. Today in modern times, mostly white convicted criminals, of all offenses major or minor, are often repeatedly beaten and gang raped in U.S. prisons. The website http://www.SPR.org indicates that interracial prison rape is 99% black on white.
Regardless of the crime even if rape is subjecting someone to gang rape not just as cruel as subjecting someone to unlawful lynching? How far in terms of becoming a more civilized society have we really come one hundred years after the lynching of Leo Frank in 1915? That we allowed more than 200,000 of our nations prisoners a year to be raped, sodomized, or sexually assaulted is an indication our society has descended far below the society we had one hundred years ago.
Inhuman Lynching vs. State-Sponsored Murder by Hanging: Is There a Difference?
People often confuse unlawful lynching with lawful hanging. Lynching involves a slow strangulation execution similar to hanging, but without the neck being broken in the process (as it is in a hanging).
Hanging vs. Lynching
Hanging is the kind of official judicial execution prescribed in a bureaucratic fashion, where the staged principals (Noosee) neck is snugly fitted with a specially created adjustable knotted loop made from a 3/4 inch manilla rope. The sliding loop is called a noose, and is typically fashioned at the end of a long slack rope attached to a fixed device at the other end.
When the mounted Noosee on a high stage falls through a swinging-hinged trapdoor, the down falling body accelerates based on the physics of body weight and the distance to the ground. The carefully measured slack rope eventually shifts from a loose state to taut, the neck breaks because of cervical vertebrae disconnection against the accelerating and descending body coming to an abrupt jerking stop when the slack rope becomes fully tight.
Lynching vs. Hanging
Lynching was more about strangling someone in midair against their own body weight, which often involved a dance, as the victim kicked, twisted, and jerked, before becoming unconscious from the lack of oxygen to the brain. In a hanging, the neck was broken, and the individual went into shock as the brain could no longer communicate with the rest of the body. Death was usually swift, but in a lynching the individual died in a much slower struggle as a result of oxygen deprivation causing brain damage. Leo Frank died of brain damage.
Lynching was about unlawful acts of extrajudicial murder through a hanging strangulation, by ensuring the rope length was not slack enough to cause vertebrae disconnection, thereby taking longer to kill the principal in rare cases up to thirty minutes. Both lynching and hanging are equally cruel, one slightly more than the other by a matter of minutes. In a truly civilized society, capital punishment would be replaced with life in prison without parole.
Is 1913 Lynching More of a Deterrent than Gang Rape in 2013 for Rapists?
In the years prior to the early 20th century, historically speaking, lynching effectively deterred rape and kept its numbers checked to a minimum, despite being inhumane.
Rape
Occurring every year in the United States of America and its territories, in modern times, the number of reported and unreported rapes is estimated to exceed 30,000 and 100,000, respectively. One cannot help but wonder how those rape statistics would change if ongoing convicted rapists, having exhausted all their appeals, were publicly hanged on the 17th day of August every year. Take that referendum to the voters and cash it.
Photograph archived at the Library of Congress. Leo Frank was lynched at 7:17 a.m., August 17, 1915. This photo was taken later that morning after word had gotten out to the public about what happened and numerous people flocked to Freys Gin running on foot, peddling on bike, galloping on horse, and rolling in Model-Ts, creating a critical mass of spectators.
The August 17, 1915, Lynching Location of Leo M. Frank: Cobb County, Georgia
Multifunctional, zoomable, and modern aerial map of the approximate location of the Leo Frank lynching on August 17, 1915: http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=33.9506291&lon=-84.5168781&z=19&l=0&m=b
The August 20, 1915, Final Burial Location of an Embalmed Leo M. Frank: Glendale, Queens, NYC
Multifunctional, zoomable, and modern aerial maps of the approximate location of the Leo M. Frank burial site, interred on August 20, 1915: http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Leo_Frank¶ms=40.694_N_-73.882_E_
Reflections of One Hundred Years on the Lynching of Leo M. Frank, August 17, 1915: at 7:17 a.m.
The Jewish Hollywood Freak Show Version
For the Jews, Leo Frank Revisionists, and Leo Frank Partisans (known collectively as Frankites), who keep churning out lies, dishonest propaganda, and rewriting history in an effort to quench their collective and insatiable Jewish egomania, PRESENTS: The melodramatic, Hollywood, and dramatized version of the Leo Frank lynch party invitation. The invitation should be read out loud by a big fat booger-eating hillbilly farmer in manure-stained overalls, with rotting, blackened, and missing teeth, a pitch fork in one hand, and a torch in the other, saying something like this (please use an exaggerated and very slow Southern accent and drawl while speaking out loud):
Hear Yee, hear Yee. You iz invited to the anti-Jooish Leo Frank lynch party. Come August 16th and 17th, dusk to dawn! Dont be late or you will be left behind. Pre-party meet up at high noon August 16, secret location point in Marietta to be announced later. Tailgate party leaving for Milledgeville Prison leaves at high noon. Good ole boy round up in Milledgeville. Kickoff at 10:00 p.m. at the gates of the Milledgeville Prison. After the abduction of the de-horned Jew, there will be a moonlight Model-T tailgate party to the final destination near Marietta at the Fork of Freys Gin. Final party preparations at sunrise, 7:00 a.m., is the main event, so BE THERE or BE SQUARE. No cussing. No alcohol. This is a dry party after all, though we will be serving moonshine and Coca-Cola at the after party. Proper dress is required. Please bring your clean white sheets and robes. Special after party location at Stone Mountain with bonfire and cross burning to be announced before we leave Freys Gin. We still need torches, rope, small table, and peanut butter. Please RSVP to both Tom Watson and Hugh Dorsey.
The Southern Perspective
For Southerners, the August 17, 1915, lynching of Leo Frank was not a Jewish Hollywood freak show, nor was it about what Elaine Marie Alphin claims were Southern opinions about innocent Jewish blood being more worthy than guilty negro blood to pay for a dead girl. Despite more than one hundred years of Jewish propaganda flat out lying to the public by misrepresenting the truth, with books, dramatized works, and treatments like the Jewish fictionalized docudrama, People vs Leo Frank, 2009, the Jewish propaganda miniseries, Murder of Mary Phagan, 1987, and the Jewish Broadway musical, Parade, which all paint the picture of the Leo Frank trial and lynching to be a vast anti-Jewish conspiracy and the ultimate bamboozling of the entire United States Legal System by a semi-literate bumbling Negro janitor named Jim Conley.
For Southerners and the elite men who carried out the judge and jurys collective thirteen-man unanimous verdict guilty as charged, with no recommendation of mercy, signed and delivered properly fulfilled, the lynching was a painfully somber and terribly depressing event that reminded the party of fathers of an unchangeable truth about the unnecessary and tragic loss of a child. Its irreversible.
The lynching of Leo Max Frank was no Jewsmedia booger-eating hillbilly affair by a mob of drunken revelers and redneck yahoos whipped up on a moments notice into an alcohol-fueled frenzy of outrage and revenge. It was, instead, an extrajudicial execution done with the slow careful planning and cold calculating bureaucratic manners of the most powerful, educated, and prominent men in the State of Georgia.
At 7:10 a.m. on August 17, 1915, Leo Frank was hoisted onto a small table by four men, two on either side of him to ensure he was steady. One of the lynchers, a former state judge, read aloud a statement for all the lynch party members present to hear.
First, the judge read the verdict of the jury, originally delivered on August 25, 1913, which included no recommendation of mercy, and then he read the death sentence prescribing hanging ordered by the Judge Leonard Strickland Roan (deceased), which was originally delivered August 26, 1913. Finally, he read the short and abridged versions of the decisions from the higher appeals courts (1913 to 1915).
Because many of the lynchers were fathers with young sons and daughters, even with the lynching of Leo Frank fulfilled to serve the verdict and death sentence sustained by the entire United States Legal System, they knew with Leos flawless execution, Mary Phagan could never be brought back, a little girl lost in the spring of her life. There was something very unsatisfying about the whole event, despite the perceived illusion of legitimacy.
Leo Frank and Racial Awakening to the Jewish Question
For many people, black and white alike, the Leo Frank case was a powerful racial awakening about the fanatical tribalism historically and genetically innate in Jews, because the lynching wasnt actually about bigotry, prejudice, media frenzies, or anti-Semitism. Those pejoratives were then and are today false accusations. The slanders come from members of the cultural terrorist religion of Judaism, the historical enemies of Gentile Western Civilization, forever living dysfunctionally and antagonistically within Gentile nations, and doing so in a parasite-host or virus-host paradigm.
For those who identify with being racially awake European-Americans, Christians, or Southerners, the lynching was really about delivering justice to a frustrated and violent sexual predator, a man whose wealthy and powerful tribal and racial kinsmen enabled him to nearly escape the verdict of the judge, jury, and majority decisions of every level of the United States Legal System.
Rosser, Brandon, Slaton, and Phillips
Always conveniently omitted by Leo Frank partisans is the fact Governor John M. Slaton was part owner of the law firm providing Frank a legal defense dream team. Also conveniently omitted, Slaton commuted his own law clients death sentence to life in prison. The commutation made many people who were never anti-Semitic think differently about Jews when they discovered how much money was raised nationally by Jews in defense of Leo Frank. That Jews would pay a governor to commute the death sentence of a child rapist revealed how much innate hate Jews had for non-Jews. Never in the history of the human race has any group of people invested more time, money, and energy in trying to free a man who pounded in the face of a little thirteen-year-old girl with his fists, before savagely raping and strangling her.
For many other people who considered Jews to be white, it was an awakening that perhaps Jews are different and not really white, even though they look white. It revealed to others that Jews are the most tribal, ethnocentric, and racially conscious group of people in the world, even to the extreme of defending a child rapist and convicted murderer who essentially made an incriminating statement at his own trial on August 18, 1913 (see the Leo Frank Murder Incriminating Statement, August 18, 1913).
For anti-Semites, the former Governor John M. Slaton was a man who sold out the people of Georgia and the Constitution of the United States of America for thirty shekels of Jewish silver.
What REALLY Happened on Confederate Memorial Day within the National Pencil Company at 12:02 p.m., Saturday, April 26, 1913?
In the shuttered and virtually empty National Pencil Factory on Confederate Memorial Day, Saturday, April 26, 1913, Mary Phagan tripped into the building lobby on the ground floor at noon and climbed the fourteen-foot stairway that had a platform part of the way up, and upon her arrival on the second floor, she walked toward the inner office of Leo Frank. She called out to collect her pay and asked Leo if the Metal had arrived yet. Marys question was referring to the brass that came in sheets that were processed into small eraser holders, which were wrapped around and partially hanging off the ends of individual final production pencils, before she inserted erasers into their empty casing using her knurling machine. She had toiled upon this machine for nearly eleven hours a day for the last thirteen months prior to her murder.
Even though Leo Frank knew the answer was, No, not yet, to the question Mary Phagan had posed to him, he instead tricked and inveigled her, immediately coaxing her to go with him to the metal room by saying, I dont know, (Harry Scott, BOE, August, 1913), to see if Mary would have her job back on Monday morning, April 28, 1913.
In the Metal Room
Using the little thirteen-year-old Irish girls job as a species of sexual coercion, there inside the metal room, the two of them completely alone, with the metal room door securely locked behind them, Leo Frank tested Mary as he had more girls than we will ever know. Leo Frank made his aggressive sexual advance unmistakeable, but this time it was unlike his more cautious lascivious pedophile pestering reported by nineteen fellow preteen and teenaged girl NPCo employees at the July 28 to August 26, 1913, murder trial.
Scorned, Frustrated, and Spurned
Now securely entrapped in the metal room at 12:03 p.m. on April 26, 1913, the thirteen-year-old Mary Phagan flat out refused for the final time the sexual propositions of the creepy bug-eyed bespectacled Jewish whoremonger with urine-brown stained teeth, telling him to take his filthy hands off her, but this time there was nowhere to run or hide from the spurned and embittered superintendent in the locked metal room. It was rape with no escape.
The little thirteen-year-old girl who had spurned the sexual advances of her boss for so long was about to get a little lesson from an infatuated, resentful, unsated, and frustrated little man who had grown tired of the little girls rejection.
A Heart-Pounding Moment of Terror
The situation took a wrong turn in these heart-pounding moments because the 411 and 120 lbs. Mary Phagan (Kean, 1987) was trapped (Brief of Evidence, Bolt Lock, States Exhibit A, 1913). Leo Frank, at 58 (Leo Frank passport application, 1908) nearly nine inches taller than her and 150 lbs. of solid lean muscle from years of college tennis and basketball (Cornell Yearbooks, 1902 to 1906), could now have his way with her and turn her out in that tantalizingly violent, ancient, and brutal way millions of young boys and girls of every race, religion, and creed throughout human history, in every corner of the world, have been so disturbingly turned out with such extreme cruelty. This scene was perhaps not necessarily so uncommon in early 20th century Atlanta as one is naturally repulsed to think. Many Jewish and Gentile Southern historians noted the brothels were often filled with former mill and factory girls not all of them voluntarily. Sometimes it required a little violence.
Detailed historical descriptions of the process of how white slavers converted young white girls into prostitutes had somewhat similar descriptions over the centuries. A girl was typically locked in a room, beaten unmercifully, and gang raped turned out. The rest was easy after that: lock her in a room while paying clients took their turns one after the other using the girl. After such a rough start for many of these girls, turning tricks became a normal way for these girls to make money, though most became STD infected and lived short lives due to the lifestyle of whiskey, drugs, cigarettes, and medical complications. It is nearly impossible for us in a civilized country as the United States to fathom such cruelty that went on in every major city of our nations past. However, this kind of sexual violence still goes on unabated to this day in second and third world countries.
Cherished Southern State Holiday
On that old Southern Confederate Memorial Day, April 26, 1913, given the implications of what happened in the metal room, the most extreme measures would be taken to ensure Mary Phagan could tell no one, for obvious reasons. Leo Frank was a high-profile member of the Jewish community, married into a prominent family, Bnai Brith president since 1912, and general superintendent of the NPCo from 1908 to 1913 with more than one hundred employees. When all things are considered, he really had no choice but to kill her, given the scandal and embarrassment if she lived to tell her parents and police what had happened to her, not to mention the fact that violent rapists were usually castrated with rusty farm tools without using anesthesia before they were lynched, followed by being riddled with bullets before being cut down and burned on a makeshift campfire. There was no mistaking these suppositions in a time when white men were fearless about exacting just punishment for violent pedophile murderers, not like the bitchass feminine coward white men today asexualized by a relentless civilization-murdering Jewsmedia run by the racially conscious members of the cultural terrorist ethno-religion of Judaism.
Saturday, April 26, 1913, 12:03 p.m., Leo Frank Exploded in a Flash of Anger inside the Metal Room
Frustrated by her countless rejections and in a sexually savage and grisly release, like a bucket of rocks falling from the sky, Leo Franks fists delivered a most cruelly violent and sadistic face pounding, slamming the back of little Mary Phagans head against the handle of the bench lathe, entangling it with a bloody tress of Phagans hair, which Robert P. Barret found the following Monday morning on April 28, 1913, and described at the coroners inquest (Coroners Inquest, May, 1913).
After Frank pounded Phagans eye black and blue and slammed her against the lathe handle, she fell unconscious on the floor. Leo Frank yanked up her dress, ripped open her underwear to the seam, delivered an especially degrading and sadistic rape, followed by a fist flexing garoting, as Leo Frank suffocated Mary Phagan. At the same time, Leo Frank reached his own psychosexual religious exultation and epiphany without ejaculating.
It wasnt enough what Leo Frank had done to her; the soul-disfiguring moment was that after having his personal pet Negro Jim Conley dump her out of the elevator in the basement, Leo Frank ordered the Step-and-Fetch-it (gone with the wind) to drag her from the entry of the basement elevator shaft all the way to the cellar furnace in the rear of the factory with the intimation of cremating her in the oven and destroying the evidence. The Pet Negro Jim Conley refused to stuff her in the oven chamber after he dragged her in front of it. Police later noted it would have been a difficult fit.
Leo Franks Orders, Defile the Corpse Beyond Recognition
At the behest of Leo M. Frank, Mary Phagan was dragged by her arms, face down, across the hard dirt floor of the basement from the elevator shaft to the cellar oven staging area 150 feet away. Her face was grated over the hard dirt floor and cinders, yet defense and prosecution doctors noted NO BLOOD came from the cuts, gashes, and slashes on her face from the dragging, proving she likely did not die in the basement. After dumping Phagan on a sawdust mound, Jim Conley reverently crossed her hands over her breast. It was another behavior clue that modern criminologists would describe as indicating Jim Conley likely did not kill the girl.
Forensic Evidence Reviewed One Hundred Years Later
Dragging Mary Phagans 411 and 120 lbs. body by the arms face down caused her once pretty face to grate over the hard dirt floor. It thus led her dead face to be pocked, cut, and scratched from the hard cinders, and because the scratches on her face didnt bleed, the physicians who gave Mary Phagan an autopsy believed she had been killed earlier and likely on a different floor. The fact her face did not bleed at all from the dragging scratches became part of the indisputable evidence she was likely not killed in the basement. This forensic evidence went hand in hand with the evidence the police discovered when they first went down to the basement April 27, 1913, and noticed drag marks starting from the entry of the basement elevator doorway. Without Jim Conley knowing about the evidence of the drag marks, his final affidavit corroborated what the police already knew.
The Ultimate Plot Within Plot Thickens
Once Leo Max Frank and his roustabout Jim Conley were back up in Leo Franks second-floor office lighting sulfur matches, smoking fags, and ruminating, Leo Frank formulated one of the most outrageously botched intrigues in history, with Jim Conley attempting to scapegoat the bludgeoning, rape, and strangulation of Mary Phagan on an innocent and honest dark old Negro, the night watchman (night witch) named Newt Lee. An old night watchman security guard who had yet to arrive at the factory, but was due there at 4:00 p.m., instead of his usual 5:00 p.m.
One allegation by the factory sweeper Jim Conley is during their late noon conversation after the body of Mary Phagan was dumped in the basement and before Leo Frank left the factory at 1:20 p.m. for dinner (lunch), Leo Frank looked up at the ceiling and said to Jim Conley, Why should I hang? I know wealthy people in Brooklyn.
The Scapegoat: Newt Lee
Thus Leo Frank plotted to get the hard-working night security guard, the innocent Negro Newt Lee indicted, convicted, and lynched, after Frank himself had bludgeoned, raped, and strangled the little girl to brain-damaged death. It was a most shocking fabrication of evidence formulated by Leo Frank to draw suspicion on Lee. It would require murder notes written in someones handwriting other than himself. Leo knew Jim Conley could write, and Leo would ask him to affirm what he already knew, You can write, Jim.
For anti-Semites, the Plot was another case of a Jew committing a crime and trying to blame it on the Goyim. The pattern reminds Christians of the Jews plotting to blame their instigated crucifixion of the Jewish rebel named Jesus Christ on the Romans.
How Low Can You Go? Death Row
Only the best Hollywood writers high on crack, LSD, meth, schrooms, and the finest eugenically bred California Kush could dream up a murder case as twisted, bizarre, perverted, far out, wacky, freaky, creepy, and unusual as this one, especially given the principle, a clean cut Ivy League educated Jew from Brooklyn serving as Bnai Brith president and superintendent of a very successful manufacturing plant, the National Pencil Factory. Many people simply cannot believe Leo Frank would murder because he was clean cut and well educated.
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Leo Frank Lynching Photos: The Leo Frank Lynch Party August 16 & 17 ...
Posted By admin on January 27, 2023
The success of the Broadway musical Parade has rekindled interest in the Leo Frank case. In 1913, Frank was convicted of murdering Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee of the Atlanta pencil factory that Frank managed. After his death sentence was commuted by Georgia's governor, a mob stormed the prison where Frank was being held and lynched him. Frank became the only known Jew lynched in American history. The case still spurs debate and controversy along with Broadway success. What are the facts of the Frank case?
Little Mary Phagan, as she became known, left home on the morning of April 26 to pick up her wages at the pencil factory and view the Confederate Day Parade. She never returned home. The next day, the factory night watchman found her sawdust-covered body in the factory basement. When Frank, who had just completed a term as president of the Atlanta chapter of B'nai B'rith, was asked to view the body, he became agitated, confirmed personally paying Mary tier wages, but could not say where she went next. Frank, the last to see Mary alive, became the prime suspect.
Georgia's solicitor general, Hugh Dorsey, sought a grand jury indictment against Frank. Rumor circulated that Mary had been sexually assaulted. Factory employees offered apparently false testimony that Frank had made sexual advances toward them. The madam of a house of ill repute claimed that Frank had phoned her several times, seeking a room for himself and a young girl. At a time when the cult of Southern chivalry made it a hanging crime for African-American males to have sexual contact with the flower of white womanhood, these accusations against Frank, a Northern-born, college-educated Jew, proved equally inflammatory.
For the grand jury, Hugh Dorsey painted Leo Frank as a sexual pervert who both was homosexual and preyed on young girls. What he did not tell the grand jury was that a janitor at the factory, Jim Conley, had been arrested two days after Frank when he was seen washing blood off his shirt. Conley then admitted writing two notes found by Mary Phagan's body. The police assumed that, as author of these notes, Conley was the murderer; but Conley claimed, after apparent coaching from Dorsey, that Leo Frank had confessed murdering Mary in the lathe room and paid Conley to pen the notes and help him move Mary's body to the basement.
Even after Frank's housekeeper placed him at home, having lunch, at the time of the murder and despite gross inconsistencies in Conley's story, both the grand and trial jury chose to believe Conley This was a rare instance of a Southern black man's testimony being used to convict a white man. In August of 1913, the jury found Frank guilty in less than four hours while crowds outside the courthouse shouted, Hang the Jew. Historian Leonard Dinnerstein reports that one juror had been overheard to say before his selection for the jury, I am glad they indicted the G-d damn Jew. They ought to take him out and lynch him. And if I get on that jury, I'll hang that Jew for sure.
Facing intimidation and mob rule, the judge sentenced Frank to death. He did not allow Frank in the court room on the grounds that, had he been acquitted, Frank might have been lynched by the crowd outside.
Despite these breaches of due process, Georgia's higher courts rejected Frank's appeals, and the U. S. Supreme Court voted, 7-2, against reopening the case, with justices Holmes and Hughes dissenting. Frank's survival depended on Georgia governor Frank Slaton. After a 12-day review of the evidence and letters recommending commutation from the trial judge (who must have had second thoughts) and from a private investigator who had worked for Hugh Dorsey, Slaton commuted Frank's sentence to life imprisonment. That night, state police kept a protesting crowd of 5,000 from the governor's mansion. Wary Jewish families fled Atlanta. Slaton held firm. Two thousand years ago, he wrote a few days later, another Governor washed his hands and turned over a Jew to a mob. For two thousand years that governor's name has been accursed. If today another Jew [Leo Frank] were lying in his grave because I had failed to do my duty, I would all through life find his blood on my hands and would consider myself an assassin through cowardice. A year later Dorsey soundly defeated Slaton's bid for reelection.
Soon after the commutation, on August 17, 1915, a group of 25 men, described by peers as sober, intelligent, of established good name and character stormed the prison hospital where Leo Frank was recovering from having his throat slashed by a fellow inmate. They kidnaped Frank, drove him more than 100 miles to Mary Phagan's hometown of Marietta, Georgia, and hanged him from a tree. Frank conducted himself with dignity, calmly proclaiming his innocence. Townsfolk were proudly photographed beneath Frank's swinging corpse, pictures still valued today by their descendants.
Some two weeks after the lynching, Rabbi Stephen Wise wrote to Henry Morgenthau, Sr., noting that the situation is becoming very hard for the Jews in the little towns, many of whom are being boycotted.
Southern Jewish historians note that Atlanta Jewry has still not fully recovered from the trauma of the Leo Frank case, and that the Temple bombing of the early 1960s simply reopened those wounds. Another legacy of the case is that, to help defend Frank, B'nai B'rith created its (now-independent) Anti-Defamation League. In 1986, the Georgia Board of Pardons and Paroles finally granted Leo Frank a posthumous pardon, not on the grounds that they thought him innocent, but because his lynching deprived him of his right to further appeal. The descendants of Mary Phagan's family and their supporters still insist on his guilt.
Source: Michael Felberg, Ph.D.
Portrait of Leo Frank: Leo Frank (1884-1915), August 26, 1913. Gelatin silver print with picture editor's marks. New York World-Telegram & Sun Newspaper Collection. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
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Posted By admin on January 25, 2023
In the fall of 2006, Sony Pictures chairman and CEO Michael Lynton and his pal Gary Ginsberg, now an executive vice president of Time Warner Inc., began working on a list of the 50 most influential rabbis in the U.S. The friends devised the following unscientific criteria to rank the leaders, whose specialties range from kashrut to Kabbalah: Are they known nationally/internationally? (20 points.) Do they have political/social influence? (20 points.) Do they have a media presence? (10 points.) Are they leaders within their communities? (10 points.) Are they considered leaders in Judaism or their movements? (10 points. ) How big are their constituencies? (10 points.) Have they made an impact on Judaism in their career? (10 points.) Have they made a greater impact beyond the Jewish community and their rabbinical training? (10 points.) NEWSWEEK published that first list around Passover, 2007, with this caveat: "Is the list subjective? Yes. Is it mischievous in its conception? Definitely." Now in its fourth year, Lynton and Ginsberg's list includes eight fresh names and a new rabbi in the top spot.
1.Yehuda KrinskyAs the leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, Krinsky is the contemporary face of the Hasidic branch. (2009 Ranking No. 4)
2.Eric YoffieYoffie represents 1.5 million Jews in more than 900 synagogues in his role as president of the Union of Reform Judaism. (2009 Ranking No. 8)
3.Marvin HierFounder of the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, Hier is No. 3 for his tireless work combating issues such as anti-Semitism, bigotry, and hate. Hier's many connections with major world leaders, politicians, and entertainment-industry bigwigs give him an international platform from which to speak on various matters affecting the Jewish people. (2009 Ranking No. 2 )
4.Mark CharendoffA leading authority on the future of Jewish philanthropy, Charendoff serves as president of the Jewish Funders Network, an international organization of family foundations, public philanthropies, and individual funders. (2009 Ranking No. 3)
5.David SapersteinHaving just completed his term as the only rabbi serving on President Obama's White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, Saperstein continues to act as a major influence in Washington in his role as director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism. (2009 Ranking No. 1)
6.Schmuley BoteachCalling himself "America's Rabbi," Boteach continues to share his views on marriage, parenting, and relationships with the world, appearing on The Oprah Winfrey Show, counseling various celebrities in their times of crisis and releasing his most recent book, The Michael Jackson Tapes. (2009 Ranking No. 7)
7.Irwin KulaKula, a bestselling author who serves as co-president of CLAL (the National Jewish Center for Learning and Leadership), is nationally known for his commitment to reshaping America's spiritual landscape. (2009 Ranking No. 10)
8.David EllensonUnder Ellenson's leadership as president, Hebrew Union CollegeJewish Institute of Religion continues to develop, train, and support the dynamic Jewish leaders of tomorrow. (2009 ranking No. 5)
9.Robert WexlerWexler continues influencing generations of Jewish students and scholars as president of American Jewish University. (2009 Ranking No. 6)
10.Morris AllenAs program director for Magen Tzedek, the ethical kosher seal, Allen is changing the way the world thinks about kashrut and the ethical issues surrounding the hechsher. (NEW)
11.Uri D. HerscherHerscher is the founder, president and CEO of the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles. (2009 Ranking No. 9)
12.Norman LammLamm is the chancellor of Yeshiva University in New York City. (2009 Ranking No. 14)
13.David WolpeConsidered by many to be the No. 1 pulpit rabbi in America and a major leader of the Conservative movement, Wolpe is the rabbi of Sinai Temple in Los Angeles. (2009 Ranking No. 11)
14.Yehuda BergBerg is known as the world's leading authority on the Kabbalah movement. (2009 Ranking No. 13)
15.Joesph TelushkinTelushkin is an internationally known bestselling author and speaker. (2009 Ranking No. 15)
16.Menachem GenackIn his role as CEO of the Orthodox Union Kosher Division, Genack has steadily supervised and maintained the organization's stringent kosher requirements throughout a series of recent scandals. (2009 Ranking No. 17)
17.Ellen Weinberg DreyfusAs president of the CCAR (Central Conference of American Rabbis), Dreyfus represents nearly 2,000 Reform rabbis. (2009 Ranking No. 18)
18.Avi WeisA leading Modern Orthodox rabbi who heads the Hebrew Institute if Riverdale, N.Y., Weiss recently caused a stir in the Orthodox community with his controversial decision to grant his student, Sara Hurwitz, the title of "rabba." (2009 Ranking No. 38)
19.Jeffrey WohlbergWohlberg is president of the Rabbinical Assembly, the international association of Conservative rabbis. (2009 ranking No. 19)
20.Steve GutowGutow is president and CEO of the Jewish Council for Public Affairs, the public-policy and community-relations coordinating agency of the American Jewish community. (2009 Ranking No. 20)
21.Yehiel EcksteinAs founder and president of the International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, Eckstein is recognized as the world's leading Jewish authority on evangelical Christians. (NEW)
22.J. Rolando MatalonAs senior rabbi for Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York City, Matalon presides over a congregation of more than 1,800 families. (2009 Ranking No. 16)
23.Dan EhrenkrantzIn his role as president of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Ehrenkrantz is recognized as a leading expert in issues pertaining to the Reconstructionist movement and American Jewish history.
24.Haskel LooksteinLookstein is principal of New York's Ramaz School and rabbi at Congregation Kehilath Jeshurun. (2009 Ranking No. 22)
25.Sharon KleinbaumKleinbaum is senior rabbi of Congregation Beth Simchat Torah, the world's largest synagogue for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered Jews. (2009 Ranking No. 25)
26.Jack MolineMoline, the spiritual leader of Agudas Achim Congregation in Alexandria, Va., is also the Rabbinical Assembly's newest director of public policy. (NEW)
27.Steven WernickWernick is the newly appointed executive vice president and CEO of United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. (NEW)
28.Art GreenAs dean of Hebrew College's Rabbinical School, Green is internationally recognized as an authority on Jewish thought and spirituality. (2009 Ranking No. 27)
29.Peter J. RubinsteinAs senior rabbi for New York's Central Synagogue, Rubinstein presides over a congregation of more than 1,700 families. (2009 Ranking No. 12)
30.M. Bruce LustigAs senior rabbi for Washington's largest synagogue, Washington Hebrew Congregation, Lustig presides over a congregation of more than 3,000 members. (2009 Ranking No. 26)
31.Sharon BrousFounder of Los Angeles's progressive spiritual community, IKAR, Brous has received international attention and acclaim for her leadership and impact within the Jewish community. (2009 Ranking No. 31)
32.Michael SiegelIn addition to serving as senior rabbi at Chicago's Anshe Emet congregation, Siegel is also nationally known as the co-chair of the Heksher Tzedek Commission. (NEW)
33.Abraham CooperAs the associate dean of the Simon Weisenthal Center and its Museum of Tolerance, Cooper is internationally known as an activist for human and Jewish rights. (2009 Ranking No. 29)
34.Arthur SchneierKnown as the first rabbi to host the pope at his Park East Synagogue in New York, Schneier is also the founder and president of the Appeal of Conscience Foundation. (2009 Ranking No. 36)
35.Ephraim BuchwaldBuchwald is the founder of the National Jewish Outreach Program, which aims to address issues such as intermarriage and Jewish assimilation. (2009 Ranking No. 35)
36.Sara HurwitzHurwitz rose to national attention when Rabbi Avi Weiss (No. 18) bestowed her with the title of "rabba." She is considered the first Orthodox woman rabbi ordained in the United States, and in this role she has had an impact on the roles considered acceptable for modern Orthodox women. (NEW)
37.Kerry M. OlitzkyAs executive director of the Jewish Outreach Institute, Olitzky is one of the leading rabbinical advocates for outreach to interfaith and unaffiliated families in America. (2009 Ranking No. 34)
38.Bradley Shavit ArtsonArtson is dean of the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies at the American Jewish University. (2009 Ranking No. 40)
39.Naomi LevyConsidered a leader in the Conservative movement, Levy is a nationally recognized speaker and author as well as founder and leader of the Los Angeles-based Jewish outreach organization Nashuva. (2009 Ranking No. 39)
40.Harold SchulweisIn addition to being considered one of the leading voices of the Conservative movement, Schulweis is internationally known for founding Jewish World Watch. (2009 Ranking No. 21)
41.Marc SchneierSchneier is president and founder of the Foundation for Ethnic Understanding, which seeks to strengthen relationships between ethnic communities in the United States. (2009 Ranking No. 33)
42.Zalman Schacter-ShalomiSchacter-Shalomi is known as the founder of the Jewish Renewal movement in America. (2009 Ranking No. 45)
43.Elliot DorffAs chairman of the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards. Dorff serves as the leader of Conservative Judaism's top lawmaking body. (2009 Ranking No. 41)
44.Bradley HirschfieldA nationally known proponent for interfaith dialogues and pluralism, Hirschfield is co-president of CLAL. (2009 Ranking No. 42)
45.Steven LederIn addition to serving as Senior Rabbi at Los Angeles's Wilshire Boulevard Temple, Leder is also a bestselling author. (Returning from 2008)
46.Ed FeinsteinA noted author and speaker, Feinstein is senior rabbi of Valley Beth Shalom in Encino, Calif. (2009 Ranking No. 44)
47.David SternAs senior rabbi for Temple Emanu-El in Dallas, Stern presides over the largest congregation in the Southwest. (2009 Ranking No. 30)
48.Michael PaleyPaley is the scholar in residence and director of the Jewish Resource Center of the UJA-Federation of New York. (2009 Ranking No. 50)
49.Jill JacobsA leading expert in Jewish social-justice issues, Jacobs serves as the rabbi in residence at the Jewish Funds for Justice. (2009 Ranking No. 48)
50.Mark DratchAs founder of JSafe (The Jewish Institute Supporting an Abuse-Free Environment), Dratch is a nationally recognized speaker and consultant in matters of domestic violence, child abuse, and professional abuse within the Jewish community. (NEW)
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Posted By admin on January 23, 2023
At no point in history have there been more ways of learning Hebrew. Thanks to modern technology, there are many, many options out there, even for those with limited budgets, schedules and mobility ranging in price from absolutely free to thousands of dollars.
In addition to the traditional route of consulting books or signing up for an in-person class through a synagogue, Jewish community center or university or traveling to Israel where there are myriad in-person courses and programs you now can choose from an array of online courses, apps and software. Or, you can set aside a summer vacation for a full-scale immersion program in rustic Vermont!
In sifting among the options, think about your goals, your level of self-discipline and how much time you are able to commit to the endeavor. Are you looking simply to decode so you can follow along in the prayer book? Do you want to study the Bible in its original? Seeking to learn a few phrases to use on a vacation in Israel? Or are you hoping to become fluent in conversational Hebrew?
Vardit Ringvald, director of the School of Hebrew at Middlebury College and a longtime consultant to a variety of institutions that teach Hebrew, also suggests you think about your learning style. Some people are very independent and can teach themselves from a book or self-paced program, but others need the social interaction and structure of studying with otherpeople at a scheduled time.
While apps can be engaging and are useful for introducing and reinforcing vocabulary, Ringvald says, they lack real interaction, which can make it hard for students to progress from intermediate to advanced or be able to use the language in real-life situations.
Although many beginners are interested in focusing on reading or biblical/prayer book Hebrew exclusively, Ringvald encourages learners to jump in with conversational Hebrew.
Modern Hebrew will reinforce your classical Hebrew, she says. Its not a linear process where first you learn the alphabet, second you learn to read and third you learn the language. Doing it all together is key to success.
Below is a sampling of online courses and resources organized by category and alphabetically. Did we miss something important? Have you tried some of the programs below and had positive or negative experiences? Do you see something that needs to be updated? Let us know by emailing community@myjewishlearning.org.
Hebrew Word of the Day
Learn Hebrew one day at a time through this email series! Each day, you will receive a Hebrew word in your inbox, as well as its pronunciation, definition and other helpful information. Sign up here.
Introduction to Hebrew with Rabbi Peretz Rodman
Learn how to read Hebrew or brush up your skills in just six sessions with Rabbi Peretz Rodman! By the end of the series, participants will be able to sound out any word in Hebrew (with vowels).
Hebrew Language for the High Holidays
This course is led by Dr. Tamar Kamionkowski, longtime professor for Biblical Studies at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, who teaches vocabulary, grammar, and interpretation of Hebrew prayers, with an emphasis on the High Holiday liturgy. Exercises and PDFs for each session can be found at the Kamionkowski Beit Midrash website.
These lessons can be done completely on your own schedule, but they do not include interaction with a real person.
EasyLearnHebrew.comFocused on Hebrew reading; seven lessons (accessible on computers and mobile devices), includes flashcards, quizzes, videos and other resources.
LearnHebrewPod.comCan sample online Hebrew learning tools, including audio lessons, games and quizzes, for free before you buy it. Accessible on computers and mobile devices. In addition to conversational Hebrew lessons, offers a separate reading class, as well as a prayers class. Beginners can try out one month for free.
Mango LanguagesOffers both biblical and modern Hebrew. Accessible on computers and mobile devices. Available for free through participating libraries in the United States, Canada and several other countries, or you can purchase a monthly or annual subscription.
PimsleurMostly audio, but includes reading instruction too. They promise, Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Available for free through some public libraries, for sale on own site and Amazon. Can be purchased five lessons at a time, one level at a time, or all three levels in one package . You can also download one free lesson from their official website.
Rosetta StoneSoftware package, accessible on computer and mobile devices can pay for a subscription by the month, year, two-year. Or can pay one-time fee to download to computer (no mobile access, but can use without Internet connection and can be used by up to five people). Has speech-recognition software to provide feedback on your accent/pronunciation. Available for free at some public libraries. Downloads and discs also available through Amazon.
The below all include synchronous sessions (whether via Skype, Webinar or other software) where you can see and speak with the teacher and other students.
Rosen School of HebrewClasses in small groups or one-on-one with Israel-based teachers certified in teaching Hebrew as a second language. Eight levels are offered, and a separate program for children is also available. Option to take classes once or twice weekly. Offers separate biblical Hebrew classes through a partnership with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Hebrew CollegeVarious levels of Hebrew courses offered online, on a college semester schedule (Fall, Spring, Summer), with option to take for college credit or not. (For credit is more expensive). Courses include weekly live class session plus assignments and exercises.
Hebrew Homepage (also available for children)Weekly 30-minute one-on-one sessions with tutor using a webinar platform. Curriculums include learning the Aleph Bet, navigating prayer book Hebrew and modern conversational Hebrew.
Ulpan La-InyanOffers virtual group and private lessons in Modern Hebrew; also organizes in-personal classes in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Instruction is available at multiple levels, as well as special business curriculums and courses for kids.
Live-Hebrew.netOne-on-one 30-minute or 45-minute sessions via Skype, plus homework and exercises. Also offer video course to teach beginners how to read in Hebrew and free e-book First 100 words in Hebrew: what a tourist in Israel should know.
A search on the App Store or Google Play will turn up on an overwhelming quantity of apps, many of them free, that teach Hebrew reading/decoding and sometimes conversational skills. We selected the following ones because they were personally recommended by individual educators. If youve had a good or bad experience using these or others, please let us know!
DuolingoOffers a placement test and lots of lessons, games and activities. They claim it is so fun that people would prefer picking up new skills over playing a game. Can be used on computer or on iOS or Android mobile devices.
Hebrew PodcastsPodcasts are approximately 10-15 minutes each and are based on short dialogues on a wide variety of topics. Despite the very basic-looking website, the technology works smoothly. All audio lessons can be streamed for free, but a subscription is required to download them and to access supporting materials, such as transcripts, flash cards, games and quizzes. The more than 150 podcasts (new advanced ones are added monthly) range from beginner to advanced. Although there is a lesson teaching the aleph-bet, it is not clear whether this would be sufficient to teach reading.
MemriseInteractive lessons and activities available on desktop computer and mobile devices. Enables users to create customized flash cards and other materials, compete with friends and form or join study groups. According to Memrise, the program uses clever science to adapt to your personal learning style and performance.
EKS Hebrew FlashcardsVirtual Hebrew-English flashcards for both Biblical Hebrew (includes 335 words) and Prayerbook Hebrew (includes 332 words), with audio feature to test learners pronunciation. Available as iPhone or Android apps.
Streetwise HebrewShort (approximately 8-minute) and entertaining podcasts about Modern Hebrew, focusing on slang and etymology.
Middlebury Immersion ProgramParticipants live on campus and commit to speaking only Hebrew for the entire three-week or seven-week session. Rigorous daily classroom instruction for various levels, including beginner, plus organized all-in-Hebrew activities, such as soccer and theater. Offers both Modern and Classical Hebrew.
Israeli UlpansNumerous intensive Hebrew programs (called ulpans) are offered throughout Israel, ranging from one week to five months in length and ranging widely in price. They include Ulpan Israeli, Ulpan Etzion, and programs at major universities, such as the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University. Click here for a directory of Israeli ulpans compiled by Nefesh BNefesh, a group that promotes and facilitates Jewishimmigration to Israel.
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Posted By admin on January 23, 2023
Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of YHWH, the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton.
After the Babylonian Exile (6th century bce), and especially from the 3rd century bce on, Jews ceased to use the name Yahweh for two reasons. As Judaism became a universal rather than merely a local religion, the more common Hebrew noun Elohim (plural in form but understood in the singular), meaning God, tended to replace Yahweh to demonstrate the universal sovereignty of Israels God over all others. At the same time, the divine name was increasingly regarded as too sacred to be uttered; it was thus replaced vocally in the synagogue ritual by the Hebrew word Adonai (My Lord), which was translated as Kyrios (Lord) in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Hebrew Scriptures.
The Masoretes, who from about the 6th to the 10th century ce worked to reproduce the original text of the Hebrew Bible, added to YHWH the vowel signs of the Hebrew words Adonai or Elohim. Latin-speaking Christian scholars replaced the Y (which does not exist in Latin) with an I or a J (the latter of which exists in Latin as a variant form of I). Thus, the tetragrammaton became the artificial Latinized name Jehovah (JeHoWaH). As the use of the name spread throughout medieval Europe, the initial letter J was pronounced according to the local vernacular language rather than Latin.
Although Christian scholars after the Renaissance and Reformation periods used the term Jehovah for YHWH, in the 19th and 20th centuries biblical scholars again began to use the form Yahweh. Early Christian writers, such as St. Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Many Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.
The meaning of the personal name of the Israelite God has been variously interpreted. Many scholars believe that the most proper meaning may be He Brings into Existence Whatever Exists (Yahweh-Asher-Yahweh). In I Samuel, God is known by the name Yahweh Teva-ot, or He Brings the Hosts into Existence, in which Hosts possibly refers to the heavenly court or to Israel.
The personal name of God was probably known long before the time of Moses. Moses mother was called Jochebed (Yokheved), a name based on the name Yahweh. Thus, the tribe of Levi, to which Moses belonged, probably knew the name Yahweh, which originally may have been (in its short form Yo, Yah, or Yahu) a religious invocation of no precise meaning evoked by the mysterious and awesome splendour of the manifestation of the holy.
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Yahweh | YHWH, Adonai, Elohim, Meaning, & Facts | Britannica
Posted By admin on January 23, 2023
Orthodox pilgrimage to the grave of Kabbalah rabbi buried in Istanbul picks up after COVID slump JTA News - Jewish Telegraphic Agency
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Posted By admin on January 23, 2023
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Posted By admin on January 21, 2023
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