Jewish American Heritage Month

Posted By admin on August 16, 2017

Historically, religiously and socially, our relationship to the Ten Commandments is complicated.

We know from the Talmud that in Second Temple times, the recitation of the Ten Commandments was part of the daily prayer service. But the Talmud reports that the Decalogue was removed from the service because, to the early Christians, the normative covenant (the 613 mitzvot) between God and the Jews had been abrogated by the new True Israel Christianity; the image of Moses clutching the two tablets suggested that Jews themselves believed that the standard core was reduced to 10 laws. To the early Christians this was proof itself of the new faith, and was enough for the rabbinic leadership to toss the Decalogue out of the prayer service. (Indeed, the late Lubavitcher Rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, for this very reason mounted a quixotic campaign to remove depictions of the two tablets from synagogues worldwide.)

Fast forward a couple of millennia, to America. How did the Decalogue become iconic as it did in a pluralistic American society?

Jenna Weissman Joselit chronicles how the Decalogue became iconic in a pluralistic American society. Oxford University Press

To help answer that question comes historian Jenna Weissman Joselit, the author of the highly regarded New Yorks Jewish Jews about the inter-war Orthodox community, with her lively and entertaining Set in Stone: Americas Embrace of the Ten Commandments (Oxford University Press). This 232-page volume engagingly explores how the Ten Commandments became part of the fiber of American society, deeply embedded in its consciousness so deeply embedded as to inspire not one but two Cecil B. DeMille epics (was there a Jew in America who did not kvell with Charlton Hestons Moses and frown at Edward G. Robinsons Dathan?), and to generate church-state battles over public-sector displays of the two tablets. American Christians embraced the Decalogue even more than did Americas Jews, even though the Commandments appear in the Hebrew Old Testament not once but twice and not in the New, which to many Christians supersedes the Old.

The Ten Commandments were set in stone, literally in synagogue stained-glass windows and arks and figuratively, in attempts to embed the biblical edicts into legislation. Set in Stone lays out, in a series of chapters, stories of bogus tablets unearthed in rural America; battles over the constitutionality of the Ten Commandments in public spaces; and how the two epic Ten Commandments movies came to be.

Joselit deftly tells the story of how the centrality of the Ten Commandments led to the seemingly innocuous recitation of the Commandments in public schools (Hmm we say under God, dont we?) and placement of the two-tablets image in courthouses. (Joselits best story involves the 5,200-pound rendition of the tablets in the Alabama State Courthouse, placed there by Alabama Judge Roy Moore, the Ten Commandments judge.) The Decalogue became a constitutional cause clbre, with the pioneering American Jewish Congress spearheading the Jewish response.

The best chapter and the most fun to read is Good Neighbors, about representations of the tablets in synagogues. Joselit shows how, in the 1950s the era of Will Herbergs Judeo-Christian manifesto Catholic-Protestant-Jew the Ten Commandments were simultaneously Jewish and Christian [and] fit right in. The book discusses how some rabbis, perhaps unconsciously harking back to the Talmuds proscription of the Asseret Ha-dibrot (The Ten Statements) in the daily prayer service, did not cotton to the idea of giving undue reverence to the figure of Moses with the tablets in effect, equating Moses with Jesus and the Decalogue with Christian norms. But to most Jews and to Christians the Ten Commandments worked.

In the post-war 1950s, Jews and Christians used the Ten Commandments to highlight what they had in common Herbergs Judeo-Christian tradition and thereby come closer together. To Jews especially, coming out of decades of widespread attitudinal anti-Semitism in the United States (to say nothing of the Destruction of European Jewry), depictions of the two tablets on the exterior of the synagogue linked Jewish identity to the American agenda; the tablets were a giant exclamation point we belong! Joselit is particularly good on the internal struggles within the Jewish community surrounding the Ten Commandments.

But more basic is the question of why the Decalogue has the resonance it does among American Christians. The Christians, after all, were the most eager to mount displays of the Ten Commandments in courtrooms and other public places. The reader awaits some theological orientation alas, not forthcoming to the question of how a document embedded in superseded scripture (the Hebrew Bible, the Old Testament) has such reverberation among so many American Christians. This is a puzzler; unfortunately, historian Joselit is not theologian Joselit. Even a lively book of social and cultural history, as Set in Stone is, can bear the weight of a touch of theological context.

At bottom, Set in Stone is an eminently readable series of stories, with an ironic thrust on every page. Joselit answers the what? of Americas encounter with the Ten Commandments, and its great stuff. Students and scholars, and general readers, both Jew and Christian, will savor the book. But the why? of the encounter yet awaits a serious discussion.

Jerome Chanes, a regular contributor, is the author of four books on Jewish history and public policy. He is a senior fellow at the Center for Jewish Studies at the CUNY Graduate Center.

Jenna Weissman Joselit chronicles how the Decalogue became iconic in a pluralistic American society. Oxford University Press

Originally posted here:

From The Courthouse To The Big Screen, The Story Of The Ten Commandments In America - Jewish Week

Category: Talmud
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