Talmud – Wikipedia
Posted By richards on February 6, 2015
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Il Talmud (ebraico , che significa insegnamento, studio, discussione dalla radice ebraica --, LMD) uno dei testi sacri dell'Ebraismo. Il Talmud riconosciuto solo dall'Ebraismo che, assieme ai Midrashim e ad altri testi Rabbinici o mistici noti del Canone ebraico, lo considera come trasmissione e discussione orale della Torah. La Torah orale fu rivelata sul monte Sinai a Mos e trasmessa a voce, di generazione in generazione, fino alla conquista romana. Il Talmud fu fissato per iscritto solo quando, con la distruzione del Secondo Tempio di Gerusalemme, gli Ebrei temettero che le basi religiose di Israele potessero sparire.
Il Talmud consiste in una raccolta di discussioni avvenute tra i sapienti (Chakhamim) e i maestri (rabbanim) circa i significati e le applicazioni dei passi della Torah scritta, e si articola in due livelli:
I termini Talmud e Ghemara vengono spesso usati in maniera intercambiabile. La Ghemara forma la base di tutti i codici della Halakhah (legge rabbinica) e viene spesso citata in altra letteratura rabbinica. L'intero Talmud anche conosciuto con il nome di Shas (in ebraico: ?), acronimo di Shisha Sedarim, i sei ordini (Zeraim, Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, Kodashim, Tohorot) in cui divisa la Mishnah. La suddivisione del Talmud identica a quella della Mishnah: i Shisha Sedarim si suddividono in Massechtot - trattati, i quali a loro volta sono composti da capitoli.
Secondo la tradizione ebraica la Torah scritta non pu essere applicata senza la Torah orale.[1]
Nel 586 a.C. vi fu la distruzione del Tempio di Gerusalemme di Salomone (secondo il Talmud nel 416 a.e.v.) ed il popolo ebraico deportato in Babilonia. Allora divenne necessario precisare in che modo mantenere una vita ebraica in terra d'esilio e in mancanza del santuario di Gerusalemme. Questa fu l'opera degli scribi (Soferim), fondatori della Grande Sinagoga, interpreti della Torah scritta e maestri della Torah orale. Dopo il ritorno da Babilonia i tre ultimi profeti (Aggeo, Zaccaria e Malachia), lo scriba Esdra e poi gli uomini della Grande Sinagoga assicurarono la trasmissione della tradizione orale che pass successivamente attraverso i farisei e le loro grandi scuole (Yeshivot).
In origine, la cultura ebraica si sviluppava oralmente, quando i rabbini esponevano e discutevano la Legge (la legge scritta espressa nella Bibbia ebraica) e commentavano il Tanakh senza il beneficio di opere scritte (ad eccezione dei libri biblici), anche se alcuni potevano aver tenuto delle note personali (Meghillot setarim), ad esempio le sentenze del tribunale ebraico. La situazione cambi drasticamente a causa della distruzione della comunit ebraica e del Secondo Tempio nell'anno 70 e.v. e il conseguente sconvolgimento delle relative norme sociali e giuridiche. Mentre i rabbini si trovarono ad affrontare una nuova realt - soprattutto l'ebraismo senza il Tempio (che serviva come centro di insegnamento e di studio) e senza una Giudea almeno parzialmente autonoma - si gener una pletora di problematiche giuridiche e il vecchio sistema di studio orale non pot esser mantenuto. Fu durante questo periodo che il discorso rabbinico inizi a essere messo per iscritto.[2][3]
La prima legge orale registrata potrebbe essere stata fatta in forma midrashica, dove la discussione halakhica strutturata come commentario esegetico del Pentateuco (Torah). Ma una forma alternativa, organizzata per argomento anzich per versetto biblico, si afferm verso l'anno 200 e.v. quando Rabbi Judah haNasi redasse la Mishnah (ebraico: ).
La Legge Orale non era certo monolitica; piuttosto, variava tra le diverse scuole rabbiniche. Le due pi famose erano la Scuola di Shammai e la Scuola di Hillel. In generale, tutti i pareri validi, anche quelli non normativi, furono registrati nel Talmud.
Presto, di fronte a situazioni nuove e a divergenze di scuola, fu necessario ricavare dalla Torah, scritta e orale, le decisioni pratiche. Questa fu opera dei rabbini e specialmente dei 71 membri del Sinedrio.
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