Talmud Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
Posted By richards on February 10, 2015
Talmud (hebr. talmud = nauka) jedna z podstawowych (cho nie jest uznawana za wit) ksig judaizmu. Zosta napisany jzykiem judeo-aramejskim. Talmud jest komentarzem do biblijnej Tory, w ktrym wyjaniono, jak przestrzega prawa zawartego w Torze w warunkach, jakie zapanoway wrd ydw wypdzonych z Palestyny w II w. Mona powiedzie, e Talmud jest czym w rodzaju katechizmu obowizujcego wyznawcw tradycyjnego judaizmu.
Talmud jest uporzdkowanym zbiorem praw religijnych, opartych na rozwaaniach rabinw yjcych midzy III w. p.n.e. a VI w. cise przestrzeganie wielu nakazw mojeszowych zapisanych w Torze nie byo technicznie wykonalne po zburzeniu wityni Jerozolimskiej i dlatego rabini musieli ustali wice dla wszystkich ydw religijne zasady ycia w warunkach wygnania. Talmud by przez cae wieki i jest obecnie gwnym odniesieniem, do ktrego odwoywali si i nadal si odwouj rabini na caym wiecie, rozstrzygajc rozmaite spory i przystosowujc prawo religijne do wspczesnych warunkw ycia.
Talmud skada si z dwch czci: Miszny i Gemary. Miszna to zbir pocztkowo ustnych, a nastpnie listownych odpowiedzi rabinw wiernym, ktrzy zapytywali, jak interpretowa praktycznie okrelone zapisy zawarte w Torze. Po uporzdkowaniu tej tradycji powstaa kodyfikacja obejmujca ca sfer obyczajowoci (wita, ceremonie, rytuay, prawa, obyczaje itp.) w sumie jest to 248 podstawowych obowizkw i 365 zakazw, uoonych wedug porzdku, jaki wystpuje w biblijnej Ksidze Powtrzonego Prawa. Natomiast Gemara stanowi bardzo obszerny komentarz do poszczeglnych fragmentw Miszny, jeszcze bardziej precyzyjnie ustalajcy waciwe zachowanie pobonego yda w danej sytuacji. Gemara powstawaa w dwch najwikszych ydowskich orodkach teologicznych, std istniej dwa Talmudy: Talmud Jeruszalmi (Jerozolimski, zwany te Palestyskim, rzadziej Talmudem Ziemi Izraela) i Talmud Bawli (Babiloski)[1]. Redakcj Talmudu Jerozolimskiego ukoczono w IV w. w Palestynie, w jesziwach chawrutycznych (od "b'chavruta" - ,), ktre byy znane jako "szte ha-jesziwy" (dwa kolegia), i dziaay w Cezarei, Seforis i Tyberiadzie. W wydaniu Bromberga (Wenecja 1520-1523), jego objto wynosia 526 kart in folio w trzydziestu siedmiu tomach. Talmud Babiloski ukoczono na pocztku VI w. w Babilonii, w jesziwach chawrutycznych, dziaajcych w miastach: Nehardea, Pumbedita i Sura. Talmud Babiloski jest obecnie powszechnie obowizujcym[2].
Pierwsza pena wersja drukowanego Talmudu ukazaa si w Wenecji w latach 1520-1523 i bya dzieem jednego z tamtejszych drukarzy, Daniela Bomberga.
Judaizm reformowany i judaizm humanistyczny traktuj Talmud jako bardzo wany dokument historyczny judaizmu. Jednoczenie jednak poddaj go wspczesnej krytyce. Traktuj go raczej jako wskazwk, a nie ostateczny autorytet. Dotyczy to przepisw koszernoci, etyki seksualnej itd.
Pierwszy zakaz czytania Talmudu wyda cesarz Justynian I Wielki, zakaz taki wyda rwnie papie Grzegorz IX. W 1242 roku spalono liczne Talmudy w Paryu, w 1264 w Hiszpanii po raz pierwszy "ocenzurowano" Talmud w miejscach, gdzie obraa chrzecijan. Sobr trydencki zakaza publikacji Talmudu z "miejscami bezbonymi". Talmud pozostawa na indeksie ksig zakazanych do koca XIX w., ostatecznie uchylono zakaz w 1962 roku.
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Talmud Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
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